The Great War -- Terms and Concepts:
Modern Ideas
German Naval
Buildup
Triple Alliance
Black Hand
Dual Alliance
Nicholas II
Franco-Russian
Alliance
Anglo-Russian
Entente
Worker’s unions
and worker’s
parties
Vladimir Lenin
Spread of
industry in
Europe
“Young Turks”
these new ideas challenged the old views of life and the
universe (mostly based on the era of the Enlightenment and
the Christian religion in Europe and North America). They
included Einstein’s atomic theory, modern psychology from
Freud, and evolution from Darwin
a program to build up the German navy and improve naval
weaponry; worsened relations between rivals Britain and
Germany
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; signed in 1882
a Serbian militant group, financed by Serbian government
with aim to enlarge Serbian territory with Austrian lands
the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary signed in 1879
Tsar (emperor) of Russia, also played a part in beginning of
World War I, and his decision to take field command helped
bring on the revolution
alliance between Russia and France in 1894 to counter the
Triple alliance
alliance between England and Russian signed in 1907;
finalized the addition of England to the Franco-Russian
alliance; finalized the Triple Entente
created to give more power to workers for wages and
working conditions, they . They ranged from trade unions to
socialist parties to communism and anarchism
Russian head of the international Communist party
(Bolsheviks), who led the successful revolution in Russia in
1917
changed the population, with more people living in cities,
with larger countries needing colonies for selling its industrial
goods, and creating tariffs to prevent other countries from
selling goods to home and colonies
Term given to the group of younger Turkish officers, like
Enver Pasha, helped change the government in Turkey
Balkan Wars
Triple Entente
Eastern
European selfdetermination
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand
Gavrilo Princip
Austrian
demands
Central Powers
Italy
Trench Warfare
tactics
Battle of Verdun
Battle of Somme
Hindenburg and
Ludendorff
The U-boat
Wars fought in 1912 and 1913, in which Turkey lost most of
its territory west of the Bosporus. This caused further
tensions and encouraged Turkey to seek allies in Europe
Britain, Russian and France; Later joined by Romania, Greece
and the United States; also called the Allies
the want of the Eastern European ethnic minorities to be able
to be given the freedom to decide whether or not to become
an individual nationalistic state
heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary; assassinated in
Sarajevo, triggering the events that led to war
assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, one of six assassins
attempting to do so; a member of the Black Hand
Sent out on July 23; responded to on July 25; caused Austria
to declare war on Serbia on July 28
Germany, Austria-Hungry, Turkey, Italy, Bulgaria; new name
of the Triple Alliance
switched sides on April 29, 1915 in the Treaty of London in
return for territorial concessions in Turkey and the Adriatic
dragged out the war due to effectiveness against infantry
charge; tactics to defeat trench warfare included heavy
artillery bombardment and frontal attaches which only
resulted in huge casualties
Germans attached a key French fortress to force the Allies
into a peace settlement in February 1916; huge numbers of
casualties due to superior defense over offense
British counter attach to the Battle of Verdun into German
territory, Somme, also in 1916; huge numbers of casualties
due to superior defense over offense
The principal field marshals, first in the East, then created the
late 1915 strategy of defensive on land in the west, creating
the Hindenburg line, until Russia was forced out. They then
renewed unrestricted submarine warfare and launched a
major offensive against British troops in France
Germany’s best hope of forcing Britain out of the war by
starving the home front with merchant losses. After the US
threatened intervention in 1915, the submarines were
confined to warning before attacking ships.
French mutiny
Zeppelins
Kaiser William II
Trench warfare
Poison gas
Munitions
“canaries”
“shell shock”
“Lafayette
Escadrille”
14 Points
American
Neutrality
Lusitania
Zimmerman
Telegram
Ludendorff
Offensive
A “strike” by French troops following heavy losses at Verdun,
which forced France to act defensively while Britain launched
an attack in 1917.
German weapon for attacking Great Britain from the air.
Emperor of Germany and formal commander of German
forces, he occasionally interfered in strategy – which harmed
his image when battles failed
the military stalemate in France from 1915 to 1918 that
caused millions of casualties in pointless attacks against
fortified positions and destroyed military morale
a variety of gases (usually mustard, chlorine or phosgene)
used by all forces through the war
British women who worked in munitions plants were given
this nickname because the chemicals affected their skin and,
like canaries in mines, the work was so dangerous
term to describe a number of injuries related to the damage
that constant shell bursts did to men’s nervous systems
while Americans joined the French Foreign Legion as early as
1914 and served as ambulance drivers with the French army,
American fliers joined the French Air Service and in late 1915
formed this special squadron
Woodrow Wilson’s plan for a postwar settlement, stressing
national self-determination, no secret treaties, disarmament,
freedom of trade and a League of Nations to promote peace.
US stays out of World War I from 1914 to 1917, but lends
money to Britain and sells arms to Britain and France,
angering Germany
the death of over 100 Americans when a German submarine
sinks this British ship in 1915 moves American closer to war
against Germany
British agents intercept this telegram from Germany to
Mexico, offering military help to Mexico for an attack on the
United States. Helps trigger US declaration of war against
Germany in 1917
The final German effort to win the war in France before
American troops arrived in force, consisting of attacks from
March 1918ninto late April. The failure to break the Allied
League of
Nations
Treaty of
Versailles
"War Guilt"
Clause
“Lost
Generation”
lines exhausted the German army and allowed the Allies to
begin their own attacks in the summer.
the international congress (1st United Nations, in effect)
created by Treaty of Versailles for promoting peace. US does
not join League even though it was Wilson’s idea
ended World War I and imposed serious penalties on the
Triple Alliance powers
a clause in the Versailles Treaty that stated the war was
provoked by Germany, thus giving the Allies their claim to
reparations
term for those who had died or lost their innocence in the
Great War.