CREATING YOUR OWN CUE CARDS: You will need to take notes
on a separate sheet of paper as your own cue cards to keep in the
front of your folder.
Cue Card #1: SIMPLE SENTENCE
A simple sentence has 1 independent clause.
An independent clause is a group of words that
(1) makes a complete statement
(2) has a subject and a verb
Cue Card #2:
SUBJECT OF A SENTENCE
The subject is the person, place, thing, quality, or
idea that the sentence is about.
Examples:
John went for a walk. (person)
Towns are quiet after snowfall. (place)
Eggs rolled off the counter. (thing)
Silence is golden. (quality)
Peace is at hand. (idea)
Cue Card #3:
VERB
A verb is a word that shows the action or state of
being ( linking verb) of the subject of the
sentence.
Examples:
Sally sneezed. (physical action)
John thinks. (mental action)
Jesse is my friend. (state of being linking verb)
Verb-Subject Identification
It is important to identify verbs and subjects in the sentences
you write so you will know whether you have a complete
sentence.
CUE CARD: #4
1. “Ask is there a verb?”Look for the action or state of
being word ( linking verb) to find the verb.
2. “Ask is there a subject?” Ask yourself, “Who or
what (verb)?” to find the subject.
Practice looking for verbs and subjects in these
sentences.
Kevin reported the theft.
- ask is there a verb: reported
- root out the subject “Who reported?”:
Kevin
Paula is an astronaut.
- ask is there a verb: is
- root out the subject “Who or what is?”:
Paula
Several words can form the subject of a sentence, but
one word will be the main subject.
• 1. The old gray mare limped down the lane.
• What is the verb?
1.
• Who or what (verb)?
2.
•The old gray mare is the complete subject. It is the
noun phrase that tells what the sentence is about.
3.
• Mare is the main subject. It is the one word that tells
what the sentence is about.
Verb Phrases:
Just like several words can form the subject of a
sentence, the verb can also consist of two or more
words.
This is called a verb phrase.
1. The bus must have gone by now.
- The words must have gone form the complete verb.
- The word gone is the main verb.
Linking Verbs: These types of verbs show the “state of being” of
the subject.
Underlined words can also be helping verbs. Words in the
blue box must be used in combination with a helping verb.
Cue Card #5a: LINKING VERBS
is
be
am
are
was
were
been
seem
become
**DO THE CUPID SHUFFLE!**
Helping Verbs: Verb phrases are created using
1 or more helping verbs in front of the main verb.
Underlined words can also be linking verbs. Words in the
middle box must be used in combination with another helping verb.
Cue Card #5b: HELPING VERBS
can
could
has
have
had
am
are
do
does
did
be
being
been
shall
should
was
were
will
would
is
may
might
must
Anytime you are
asked to identify the
verb of a sentence in
this class, you should
identify the helping
verb(s) and the main
verb in any sentence
that has a verb
phrase.
After you find the
action verb,
always check to
see if there are
one or more
helping verbs to
the left of the
action verb.
Make an arch
above the
helping verbs
and the main
verb, and write a
‘V’ above the
arch.
Part 1: Simple Sentences
Types of Simple Sentences
Simple sentences
are made up of one
independent clause.
We can represent
these by four
formulas for writing
simple sentences.
(S= Subject; V=Verb)
S
SS
S
SS
V
V
VV
VV
•Part 1: Simple Sentences
In some simple sentences, the verb comes
before the subject of the sentence.
For example…
Up the stream swam the salmon.
Sometimes the subject appears between the
helping verb and the verb. This happens most
often in a question. For example…
Will you go to the movie
tonight?
Part 1: Simple Sentences
Types of Simple Sentences
A simple sentence with two or more subjects is called
a compound subject. The word ‘and’ is a cue that
there might be two or more subjects in a sentence.
Bill and Sue want to go to the movies.
A simple sentence can also have a compound verb,
where two or more words represent the action. The
word ‘and’ is a cue that there might be two or more
verbs in a sentence.
Sally swam and played all afternoon.
Part 1: Simple Sentences
Types of Simple Sentences
Some simple sentences can
have both a compound subject
and a compound verb.
Bill and Sue laughed and cried
during the movie.
Part 2: Compound Sentences
CUE CARD #7:
COMPOUND SENTENCE
A compound sentence has two or more
independent clauses.
Examples: (Identify each independent clause in the examples below)
*The students finished class, and they went to lunch.
*Kevin did not want to hurt Kathy’s feelings, so he said nothing about
her mistake.
*I want to see my sister soon, for she has been in Switzerland for two
years.
Part II: Compound Sentences
A simple
sentence
contains 1
independent
clause.
A compound
sentence
contains 2
independent
clauses.
There are 4 different
ways to make an
independent clause.
(SV, SSV, SVV, SSVV)
You can use those four types of independent clauses to build compound
sentences.
You will most often use two of the first kind of independent clause (SV) to
build compound sentences.
Part II: Compound Sentences
The weather is getting cold, and snow is expected.
How many subjects and verbs are in this sentence?
• 2 subjects & 2 verbs
• What sentence formula is used?
• SV, SV
• How is this different from a simple sentence with a
compound subject and verb?
• A simple sentence with a compound subject & verb
uses the SS VV formula.
•
Part II: Compound Sentences
Cue Card #8
Comparing Compound Sentences & Simple Sentences
Simple Sentence
The men and women met at the station and went to dinner.
Compound Sentence
The men met at the station, and the women went to dinner.
Identify the subjects
& verbs in each
sentence.
How does the use of
the word ‘and’
change?
How does the
meaning change as
different formulas
are used, even
though the same
subjects and verbs
are used?
Part II: Compound Sentences
The two
independent
clauses can
be joined
together
with:
•A comma
•A coordinating
conjunction
Part II: Compound Sentences
Cue Card #9
Coordinating Conjunction
A word that is used with a comma to join
two independent clauses.
For
But
And
Or
Nor
Yet
So
Part II: Compound Sentences
And
used to show that 2 ideas are
equally important and connected
Michael Oher plays for the Ravens, and Ben Rothlisberger
plays for the Steelers.
So
Used to show the second clause is
the result of the first clause
The overtime rules changed, so fans did not know what to
expect.
For
Means the same as because but
can also be used as an example.
The pass was intercepted, for it was thrown haphazardly.
Part II: Compound Sentences
But & Yet
Used to show contrast
The Bengals lost, but the Ravens won.
The Steelers scored, yet they still lost the game.
Or
Joins two ideas when there is a
choice between them
He had to throw the ball quickly, or he might get sacked.
Nor
Introduces the second clause of a
negative statement.
She was not asked to go to the dance, nor did she want to
go to the dance.
Part II: Compound Sentences
Another way of joining two independent clauses is to use a
semicolon (;)
A semicolon is used in place of a comma and coordinating
conjunction.
Examples:
Susan loves to swim; Mrs. Jacobson likes to skydive.
Semicolons are useful; they create variety in your writing.
Part II: Compound Sentences
Cue Card #10
Semicolons
Semicolons (;) can also be used to join the two independent clauses of a
compound sentence.
Examples:
Jason was highly respected; he was always such a responsible person.
The meeting was over; it was already midnight.
Part II: Compound Sentences
Compound Sentence Formulas
The symbol, capital ‘I’, stands for Independent Clause. Each time you see
an ‘I’ you can substitute it for one of the
4 Simple Sentence Formulas (SV, SSV, SVV, SSVV)
A lower case ‘c’ will stand for a coordinating conjunction.
The two formulas we will use for compound sentences are:
I, c I
and
I;I
Part II: Compound Sentences
Semicolon in compound sentence
CS REVIEW
Define a compound sentence
Define an independent clause
Define coordinating
conjunction
List the coordinating
conjunctions
Comma in a compound
sentence
List compound sentence
formulas
List the 4 ways to make an “I”
or independent clause.
P in PENS stands for…
E in PENS stands for…
N in PENS stands for…
S in PENS stands for…
Part III: Complex Sentences
Sentence Review
•
Before we go on, we need to review
the basic sentence parts. Think of
laying a foundation on which to
build a house. These basic sentence
parts are the foundation of any
sentence.
Part III: Complex Sentences
Independent
clause
Define Simple
Sentence &
List Formulas
Define
Compound
Sentence &
List
Formulas
•
A group of words that makes a complete
statement with a subject and a verb
•
Contains ONE independent clause
SV, SSV, SVV, SSVV
•
•
•
Contains TWO independent clauses
I, cI AND I;I
Part 1: SIMPLE SENTENCES
Cue Card #11:
COMPLEX SENTENCE
Sentence made up of one independent clause and one
or more dependent clauses
Dependent Clause: A group of words with a subject
and a verb that cannot stand alone
Examples: I like Sally because she is funny.
The game will end when one team scores.
Part III: Complex Sentences
Just like using both simple and compound sentences makes
a passage more interesting to read, adding a third kind of
sentence, the complex sentence, makes a passage even
more interesting.
Varied sentence
structure keeps your
reader interested.
If your reader is
interested, they are
likely to understand
your point.
If the reader
understands, then your
purpose for writing has
been met.
Part III: Complex Sentences
I like Sally because she is funny.
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
An independent clause
has a subject & a verb
and therefore can stand
alone.
• I like Sally = independent
clause
•
DEPENDENT CLAUSE
A dependent clause has a
subject & a verb but
cannot stand alone
because it doesn’t make
sense.
• Because she is funny =
dependent clause
•
Part 1: COMPLEX SENTENCES
Cue Card #12:
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Words that show the relationship of the
dependent clause to the independent clause
Part 1: COMPLEX SENTENCES
Cue Card #12: Subordinating Conjunctions
after
even if
since
although
so that
even though
as
if
than
as if
in order that
though
as long as
just as
unless
as soon as
like
until
as though
once
when
because
provided
whenever
before
rather than
while
Part III: Complex Sentences
•
•
Both independent and dependent clauses have a subject and verb.
The main difference between the two is that a dependent clause
starts with a subordinating conjunction.
Read the sentences below and identify the subordinating
conjunction and the dependent clause.
Kathy will be late for dinner since the meeting is not over.
•
•
Subordinating Conjunction: since
Dependent Clause: Since the meeting is not over.
Adam wanted to go to the game even though Ben did not.
•
•
Subordinating Conjunction: even though
Dependent Clause: even though Ben did not.
Part III: Complex Sentences
CUE CARD #13
SEQUENCING COMPLEX SENTENCES
Dependent Clause First Examples:
When I get to Phoenix, you will be sleeping.
• After the players practiced, they went out for a pizza.
• Until the storm is over, we will not know about the damage.
•
Part III: Complex Sentences
CUE CARD #13 continued…
SEQUENCING COMPLEX SENTENCES
Independent Clause First Examples:
*NO COMMA NEEDED*
You will be sleeping when I get to Phoenix.
• The players went out for a pizza after they practiced.
• We will not know about the damage until after the storm is
over.
•
Part III: Complex Sentences
Complex Sentence Formulas
The symbol, capital ‘I’, stands for Independent Clause. Each time you see
an ‘I’ you can substitute it for one of the
4 Simple Sentence Formulas (SV, SSV, SVV, SSVV)
The symbol, capital ‘D’, stands for Dependent Clause. This includes the
subordinating conjunction, so an additional symbol is not needed!
The two formulas we will use for complex sentences are:
D, I
and
ID
Part IV: Compound-Complex Sentences
CUE CARD #14
COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE
A compound-complex sentence has two or more
independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
EXAMPLES:
When you are ready, I will call the store, and we can talk to Tim.
Before the trick-or-treaters came, Megan made candied apples; they
were delicious.
Order of Operations:
Compound Complex Sentences
• CIRCLE ; OR ,c
• CIRCLE subordinating conjunction
• UNDERLINE dependent clause
(including subordinating conjunction)
• Double UNDERLINE 2 independent
clauses
Part IV: Compound-Complex Sentences
In the following examples, identify:
Subordinating Conjunction, Dependent & Independent Clauses
Using a
coordinating
conjunction
Because there is a storm, the game
is cancelled, and it will be
rescheduled.
After they shopped, Kim and Sarah
Using a went to the movies; the movie was
semicolon
a blockbuster hit.
Part IV: Compound-Complex Sentences
CUE CARD #15
SEQUENCING COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES
DEPENDENT CLAUSE at the Beginning: D,I,cI OR D,I;I
After the party was over, Jean had a headache, so Paul
cleaned up the house.
When Jennifer feels sad, she calls Chris; he cheers her up.
Part IV: Compound-Complex Sentences
CUE CARD #15 continued…
DEPENDENT CLAUSE in the Middle: ID;I OR ID,cI
The sky was gray when the tornado siren rang; it was
windy.
Chad made popcorn while Erin poured the soda, and the
kids chose a DVD.
Part IV: Compound-Complex Sentences
CUE CARD #15 continued…
DEPENDENT CLAUSE at the End: I,cID OR I;ID
The boss made Carla a good offer, and she accepted as
long as he included a travel allowance.
Todd gave an excellent report; his instructor thanked him
after his classmates left the room.