Facial Reconstruction
Anatomical Method vs. Tissue
Depth Method
Rebecca Tokodi
Introduction and Background
Research Focus
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Introduction and Background
Anatomical Method
Uses origins and insertions to rebuild each
muscle
Glands and fatty tissue rebuilt
Expertise in biomechanics and anatomy
needed
Longer process than tissue depth method
Same for all ethnic groups
Introduction and Background
Anatomical Method
Temporalis Muscle
Zygomaticus Muscle
Masseter Muscle
Orbicularis Oris
Parotid Gland
Buccal Fatty Pad
Fat Pad of the Chin
http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/research/anthropology/cr
sp/arccrsppearlstmethods2.html
Introduction and Background
Tissue Depth Method
Uses 21 osteological landmarks
-11 bilateral points
-10 midline points
Soft tissue built up to depth markers
- soft tissue includes muscles, skin, fat, and glands
Depths given by previous studies
-collected by needle probe method or ultrasound
Introduction and Background
Tissue Depth Method
Depths given for
different categories
-ethnic background
-age
-weight
Faster than anatomical
method
Less anatomical
training needed
Introduction and Background
Research Focus
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Introduction and Background
Anatomical Method
Introduced in 1927 by Mikhail Gerasimov
140 of Gerasimov’s reconstructions were
identified and verified
Also known as the Russian Method
Used in an archeological context
-tissue depth of ancient population unknown
-museum exhibits
Introduction and Background
Tissue Depth Method
Introduced in 1895 by W.His
Made famous by reconstruction of
Johann Sebastian Bach
Depths recorded by needle puncture
method
-24 male cadavers
-4 female cadavers
Used widely today by law enforcement
agencies for identifying the dead
Introduction and Background
Research Focus
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Research Focus
A comparison of facial reconstruction
methods, anatomical and tissue depth.
Factors that influence tissue depth
Frequency of use
Validity of results
Introduction and Background
Question
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Materials
Sculpting tools
Gauge (in millimeters)
Metal scale (in millimeters)
Sculpey III modeling clay
Acetone soluble adhesive
Vinyl machine eraser strips
Ping pong ball
High gloss paint
Plastic skull replica
Methods
Determination of sex, race, and age
Creating prosthetic eye
Cutting depth markers
Placement of depth markers
Setting of prosthetic eye
Connecting tissue depth markers
Developing facial features
Photography
Methods
Determination of sex
Male
Female
Size
Larger
Smaller
Chin
Square
Pointed
Mandible
Larger, stronger
Smaller, weaker
Forehead
Sloping
Upright
Brow
ridge
Projecting
Smooth
EOP
Crest or spine
like
Smooth form
Methods
Determination of race
Caucasoid
Negroid
Mongoloid
Longer and more
narrow nasal
opening
Widest and
shortest nasal
opening
Nasal opening
between Caucasoid
and Negroid
Flattened face but
zygomatic bones
slant back
Projection of lower
face
Flattened face with
projecting
zygomatic bones
Broad, flat nasal
bridge
Short cranial vault
Methods
Creating prosthetic eye
Diameter
24-25mm
Color
Hazel
Iris
12mm
Methods
Depth markers
Measurement
Midline
Supraglabella
Glabella
Nasion
End of nasals
Mid-philtrum
Upper lip margin
Lower lip margin
Chin-lip fold
Mental eminence
Beneath chin
Normal
Male (mm)
4.25
5.25
6.50
3.00
10.00
9.75
11.00
10.75
11.25
7.25
Methods
Depth markers
Measurement
Bilateral
Normal
Male (mm)
Frontal eminence
4.25
8.25
Supraorbital
Suborbital
Inferior malar
Lateral orbit
Zygomatic arch
Supraglenoid
Gonion
Supra 2nd molar
Occlusal line
Sub 2nd molar
5.75
13.25
10.00
7.25
8.50
11.50
19.50
18.25
16.00
Methods
Setting prosthetic eye
Center eye frontally
Projecting even with
top and bottom of
orbit
Secured by clay
Fatty pad behind eye
deteriorates with age
Methods
Connecting tissue depth markers
Fill in by strips to
almost cover depth
markers
No clay is placed on
midline points
3,4,5,6,7, and 8
No clay is placed on
bilateral points 13 and
15
Methods
Developing the mouth
Closed mouth easiest
Vertical thickness of
mouth is upper CEJ
to lower CEJ (cement
enamel junction)
Width is pre-molar to
pre-molar
Artistic development
of parting line and
philtrum
Methods
Developing the nose
Measurement for width
Negroid
Nasal aperture + 16mm
Caucasoid
Nasal aperture + 10mm
Mongoloid
Nasal aperture + 13mm
• Nasal aperture measured at
widest width
Methods
Developing the nose
Projection given by:
Length of bony spine x’s 3
added to depth of marker 5
Shape of nose
determined by shape of
nasal aperture
Introduction and Background
Research Focus
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Results
Caucasian
Adult male
Age- undetermined
Results
Ethnicity
Caucasian
African American
American Indian/ Inuit
Asian
Pacific Islander/ Hawaiian
Hispanic/ Latino
Two or more races
Population 2003
% Population
234,196,357
80.5
37,098,946
12.8
2,786,652
1.0
11,924,912
4.1
495,335
0.2
39,898,889
13.7
4,307,575
1.5
• 4.1% of children are biracial (U.S. Census 1990)
-number expected to increase
• 2,000,000 multiracial children in married-couple households
Results
Negroid and mixed population study
Facial tissue for
negroids is thicker in the
upper and lower parts of
the face- Lower lip,
frontal eminence, and
cheek area
Negroid female tissue
depths were thicker in
the lower lip, mental
eminence, frontal
eminence, lateral orbital
margin, supra glenoid,
and cheek area
Results
Caucasoid and mixed population study
Tissues thickness of the
males of the mixed group
was greater in the mid
philtrum, upper lip, and
gonial areas,
Tissue thickness of
caucasoid males was
thicker in the nasion,
mental eminence, supra
orbital, lateral orbital, and
cheek regions
Introduction and Background
Research Focus
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Discussion
Negroid males and females have thicker soft
tissue compared to the mixed race population
The mixed race population had considerable
differences compared to the caucasoid
populations
The mixed race group is unique and
measurements should not be considered an
average between caucasoid and negroid
populations
Discussion
Argued that reconstruction is not meant to
make exact portrait
Many variables that can influence the rate
of identification
Too much of an artistic influence can
change results
Discussion
Increase in biracial individuals means an
inability to apply tissue depths to
reconstructions
Not ethical to use insufficient information
Caucasian becoming less defined
Easier when clues are left at the scene
Facial reproduction still widely used by law
enforcement agencies- including FBI
Discussion
http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/oct2000/ubelaker.htm
Introduction and Background
Research Focus
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Conclusion
More studies need to be conducted on
biracial populations
Anatomical method new method of
choice?
Other options of facial reproduction
-computerized methods