Motivation and
Emotion
Chapter 10
Internal processes that:
1.
Guide
2.
Activate
3. Sustain
Motivation
Physiological


Hunger
Sexual motivation
Cognitive


Expectancy
Self-fulfillment
Theories of Motivation
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Drive Theory
Arousal Theory
Expectancy Theory
Goal-Setting Theory
p. 377
Drive Theory
•
•
•
•
Biological needs arising within our
bodies create unpleasant states of
arousal
Hunger, thirst, fatigue, etc.
Homeostasis- balanced physiological
state
Motivation is basically a process in which
various biological needs PUSH us to
actions
Drive Theory: An
Overview
Biological need
(need for food, water, oxygen, etc.
Drive state
(hunger, thirst, etc.)
Activation of many different behaviors
Behaviors that do not reduce drive are weakened
Behaviors that reduce drive are strenghtened
Arousal Theory




Optimization NOT Minimization
Arousal: our general level of
activation
May fluctuate
Biological influences??
 Sensation

seekers
Yerkes-Dodson law
Yerkes-Dodson law

There is a relationship between,
optimal performance and the level
of arousal necessary.
Expectancy Theory



Behavior is determined by
expectations (desirable outcomes).
Thoughts about future PULL your
behavior.
Incentives: almost anything we
have learned to value.
Goal-Setting
•
Wood & Locke(1990)
•
•
•
•
•
Specific
Challenging
Attainable
Feedback can improve
performance.
Take life in strides…
Maslow’s Needs
Hierarchy
An arrangement of needs from the most basic to those at the highest levels.
Self-actualization Needs
Need for self-fulfillment
Esteem Needs
Need to develop self-respect, gain the approval of others, and achieve success.
Deficiency needs
(basic needs)
Social Needs
Need to have friends, be loved and appreciated and to belong.
Safety needs
Neesd for feeling safe and secure (in one's life)
Physiological needs
Food, water, oxygen, and SLEEP!!!
Emotions
1.
2.
3.
Physiological responses
Subjective feelings
Expressive reactions
How do we respond?
Cannon – Bard
•
•
Earliest theory
Simultaneous occurrence .
James – Lange
•More
preferred
•Interpretations determine emotions
•Facial feedback hypothesis
Why go to scary movies?
Schacter – Singer
•
•
Two stage theory
Dutton & Aron (1974)
Opponent-Process
•
Every action has an equal and
opposite reaction
The Emotional Brain
Anterior vs. Posterior
•
•
Pleasant – Unpleasant
Arousal
Right vs. Left
•
•
Avoidence – withdrawl
Positive affect - Rewards
Speaking without Words
1. Nonverbal Cues
2. Gestures
3. Body language