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Unit 11
* intelligence:
* aggregate or global capacity
* to act purposefully
* to think rationally
* to deal effectively with the environment
* fluid intelligence
* crystallized intelligence
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* intelligence as a “constructed concept”
* given great cultural variation, intelligence is
ability to
* learn from experience
* solve problems
* use knowledge to adapt to new situations
* general intelligence:
* common skill set
* factor analysis
* correlations among many variables analyzed to
identify closely related clusters of variables
* savant syndrome
* multiple intelligences:
* Howard Gardner’s theory that
* people process information differently
* intelligence is composed of many different factors,
including at least 8 intelligences
* logical-mathematical
* verbal-linguistic
* spatial
* bodily-kinesthetic
* musical
* interpersonal
* intrapersonal
* naturalistic
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* emotional intelligence
* the ability to perceive, express, understand, and
regulate emotions
* triarchic theory of intelligence
* 3 separate and testable intelligences
* analytical (facts)
* practical (“street smarts”)
* creative (seeing multiple solutions)
* relationship between “intelligence” and brain
anatomy/neural processing speed
* modest correlation between intelligence and
brain size
* number of synaptic connections
* variable neural plasticity
* perceptual speed
* neurological speed
* mental age
* the chronological age that typically corresponds to
a given level of performance on intelligence tests
* Standford-Binet intelligence test
* a method for assessing an individual’s mental
aptitudes and comparing them with others, using
numerical scores
* intelligence quotient (IQ)
* a child’s mental age divided by chronological age,
multiplied by 100
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* achievement tests
* a test designed to assess what a person has
learned
* aptitude tests
* a test designed to predict a person’s future
performance
* Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
* 3 age-based individual IQ tests:
* WPPSI (Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence)
* WISC (Intelligence Scale for Children)
* WAIS (Adult Intelligence Scale)
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all based on two scores, verbal and performance
* standardization
* a 2-part test development procedure
* test norms are established from the test results of a large
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representative sample
procedures are created to assure tat the test is administered
and scored uniformly for all test takers
* norms
* standards used to compare scores of test takers
* normal distribution
* a symmetric, bell-shaped curve that represents the
patterns in which many characteristics are dispersed in
the population
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* reliability
* the extent to which a test yields consistent results,
as assessed by the consistency of scores on two
halves of the test, or on retesting
* validity
* the extent to which a test measures what it is
supposed to measure
* predictive validity
* the success with which a test predicts the behavior
it is designed to predict
* assessed by computing the correlation between test s cores
and the criterion behavior (aka criterion-related validity)
* content validity
* the degree to which the content of a test is
representative of the domain it is supposed to
cover
* creativity
* the generation of ideas that are original, novel
and useful
* threshold theory
* a certain level of intelligence is necessary but
not sufficient for creativity
* nature vs. nurture
* intellectual disability
* formerly referred to as mental retardation
* a condition of limited mental ability, indicated
by a score of 70 or below and difficulty in
adapting to the demands of life
* varies from mild to profound
* cultural-familial retardation
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* twin studies and intelligence
* identical twins reared together
* adoptees and biological parents
* heritability: 50 to 75%
* other environmental influences
* income
* school attendance
* Flynn effect
* Down syndrome
* a condition of intellectual disability and
associated physical disorders caused by an extra
copy of chromosome 21
* fetal alcohol syndrome
* a cluster of abnormalities that occurs in babies
of mothers who drink alcoholic beverages during
pregnancy
* low intelligence, small head, flat face,
misshapen eyes, flat nose
* within-group differences
* range of scores for variables being measured for
a group of individuals
* between-group differences
* the difference between the means of tow groups
of individuals for a common variable
* stereotype threat
* a self-confirming concern that one will be
evaluated based on a negative stereotype
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