Basics of Anatomy and Tissue
Injuries
Anatomical Position
• Anatomic Position: Refers to an erect stance
with the arms at the sides and the palms of the
hands facing forward
• The body moves in relation to planes
▫ Frontal
▫ Sagittal
▫ Transverse
• Refer back to Med Term notes/packets for help
Body Tissues
• Athletic injury usually involved injury to
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Skin
Bone
Cartilage
Muscle
Tendons
Ligaments
 Basically everything
Skin
• Outermost surface of the body
• First line of defense against
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Insects
Air
Dirt
Bacteria
Blunt force
• Keeps body fluids in
• Senses agitators
• Secretes sweat and oily substance
Skin
• Made up of multiple layers
▫ Epidermis – Most superficial
▫ Dermis – deep to epidermis
▫ Hypodermis – technically not part of the skin
 AKA: Subcutaneous Layer
 Hold skin to underlying bone and muscle
 Responsible for storing 50% of body fat
• Has the ability to expand
▫ Increase in muscle girth
▫ Stretch marks – rupture of elastic fibers
Bones
• 3 primary functions
▫ Protect vital organs
▫ Create movement
▫ Metabolically active
 Produce RBC
 Store minerals
 Cal, Phos
• Also provide a degree of protection for nerve and
vessels that run length of bone
Bones
• 206 bones
in the body
• Skeleton
▫ Axial
 Skull
 Spine
 Thorax
▫ Appendicular
 extremities
Surface Anatomy Lab
• Turn to page 34
• Using figure 3.3, place adhesive dots on various
areas of the skeleton and number them
• Using correct medical terminology, write now
the name of the bone under the numbered
adhesive and identify it’s location
▫ E.g. #3 Ulna; distal to Humerus, proximal to
carpals
Bone categories
• Bones come in several shapes and sizes
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Long (femur)
Short (metacarpal)
Flat (scapula)
Irregular (vertebra)
• Features
▫ Shaft - Diaphysis
▫ Epiphysis – growth plate
 Spongy during adolescence
Articular Cartilage
• Covers ends of the bones
• Function
▫ Absorb shock
▫ Permit smooth
bone movement
Muscles, Tendons, Ligaments
• Muscles – contract to create
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Acceleration
Deceleration
Stop movement
Maintain normal postural alignment
Produce heat
• Tendons – connect MUSCLE to BONE
• Ligaments – connect BONE to BONE
Your Aging Body
• As infants:
▫ Bones are cartilaginous
• As adults
▫ Bones harden and become strong
▫ Muscles are composed of fibers with high
excitability and elasticity
• As elders
▫ Bones become brittle
▫ Muscle degenerates and replaced by fibrous
connective tissue
Classification of Joints
• 3 different classifications:
▫ Diarthrodial
▫ Amphiarthrodial
▫ Synarthrodial
Diarthrodial
• AKA Synovial joints
• Have excellent mobility
• Components:
▫ Joint Capsule (sleeve-like ligament that surround
entire joint)
▫ Synovial membrane (slick lining on the inside of the
capsule)
▫ Hyaline cartilage (thin layer of cushioning at the ends
of the bone)
▫ Ligaments
Diarthrodial
• Divided into several types:
▫ Hinge joints
 Knee and elbow – move back and forth like hindges
on a door
▫ Multiaxial
 Shoulder and hip (AKA ball and socket) – move
alone many axes
Amphiarthrodial
• AKA Cartilaginous joints
• Cartilage attaching two bones together
▫ E.g. Ribs connecting at sternum
Synarhtrodial
• AKA Fibrous Joints
• Held together by tough connective tissue
• Immovable
▫ E.g. – bones of the skull; tibia/fibula
Soft Tissue Injuries
• Wounds, Strains, Sprains
▫ Bleed, become infected, produced extra fluid
• Classification: Acute
▫ Occurs suddenly as a result of a high amount of
force applied to the tissue over a short time
(milliseconds-seconds)
• Wounds:
▫ Injuries to the skin
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Incision
Abrasion
Contusion
Laceration
Avulsion
Amputation
Puncture
Contrecoup
▫ Bleed EXTERNALLY
• Sprains
▫ Bleed INTERNALLY
 May cause fluid build up
 Ligament (Bone to Bone)
• Strains
▫ Bleed INTERNALLY
 Tendons (Muscle to Bone)
 Muscle
Grading
• Grade 1
▫ Over stretched
 No decreased ROM, WBAT, ADL
• Grade 2
▫ Partial tear
 Decreased ROM, P w/ WB, decreased ADL, Bruising
• Grade 3
▫ Complete rupture
 NWB, No ROM, often requires surgery
Chronic Soft Tissue Injury
• Chronic is the result of lesser forces being
applied over a long period of time (weeks to
months)
▫ Often the product of overuse
• Types:
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Synovitis
Bursitis
Myositis
Fasciitis
• Synovitis
▫ Inflammation of the synovial joint lining
 Acute injury that never healed or from repeated join
injury
• Bursitis
▫ Inflammation of the bursa sac
 Tends to swell
• Myositis
▫ Chronic Inflammation of the muscle (Myo=
Muscle)
 Sore, tender, mild swelling, excessively sore
• Fasciitis
▫ Inflammation of the Thick, rough connective
tissue that surrounds the muscles
 Thicken, swollen, painful
Stages of Soft-Tissue Healing
• Stage 1: Acute Inflammatory
▫ Cells die from being ripped apart & from being cut
off from food and oxygen supply
 Fresh blood bring chemicals to begin healing process
 Phagocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets (Vocab)
▫ Acute stage lasts 48hrs
• Stage 2: Repair
▫ Injured area filled with fresh blood, cells, and
chemicals to rebuild the damage.
 Fibroblasts for scar tissue 6wks-3mo depending on
severity
• Stage 3: Remodeling
▫ Takes up to 1 year+
Factors That Slow Healing
• Poor Blood Supply
• Poor nutrition
• Illness/disease
▫ Diabetes
• Medications
▫ Corticosteriods
 Chems made in the body to help reduce
inflammation
 Synthetic versions are available (i.e. Advil)
• Infection
Bone Injuries
• Dislocation
▫ Force displaces two ends of articulating bone
causes them to separate
▫ Disloc also causes:
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Avulsion fx
Strains/sprains
Disruptions of blood flow
Disruption of nerve conduction
▫ Present w/ obvious deformity, P, NO ROM
• Fractures
▫ Failure point
 Vary with age, bone structure, medical
predisposition
▫ (osteoporosis)
▫ Name according to type of impact/how failure
occurs
 Broken/cracked/chipped/hairline fx
▫ 13 types of fractures – pg 46 to 49
Stages of Bone Healing
• Stage 1: Acute
▫ injury causes break which causes bleeding at site
 Osteoclasts begin to eat the debris to absorb back in
the body
 Osteoblasts begin to add new layers to outside of
bone
 Lasts 4 days
• Stage 2: Repair
▫ Soft Callus forms internally and externally to hold
fractured ends together
▫ Eventually turns to hard callus
▫ Process turning callus to bone begins at 3 weeks
and last approx 3mo
• Stage 3: Remodeling
▫ Takes several years to complete
 Callus is reabsorbed and replaced with bone
 Electrical stimulation can be applied to fx that are
not healing
▫ Due to minerals in bone
▫ Fractures can be nonunion
 Only in WB bones
(leg, foot, scaphoid most common sites)
 Painful, loss of ROM, necrosis
• Define terms found on pages 42 and 43
• Create a summary of each of the 13 fractures
• Chapter 4 worksheet