Review of
Organic
Molecules
1.Carbohydrates
2.Lipids
3.Proteins
4.Nucleic
Acids

• Composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O)
• USUALLY: 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every carbon atom.
• Example: CH
2
O, C
6
H
12
O
6
• Exceptions include carbohydrates that may be one or two oxygen short
• Example: C
12
H
24
O
11

• Monosaccharide :
Only one sugar molecule
• Disaccharide :
Two sugar molecules bonded together
SUCROSE
G
L
U
C
O
S
E

• Polysaccharide :
Many sugar molecules bonded together
• Examples :
Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen

What are Polysaccharides Used For?
1.
Starch : Plants use starch for food storage
2.
Cellulose : Plants use cellulose for structural support for their cell walls.
3.
Glycogen : Glycogen is a starch used for longterm energy storage in animal cells.

• Think of making a long train
• One train car is called a monomer
• Many train cars linked together is called a polymer
• The action of linking the train cars together is called polymerization monomer polymer

Polymerization is not just for carbohydrates!
 Monomers
 single molecule, called a SUBUNIT
 Polymers
 monomers linked together
 Polymerization
 monomers being linked into polymers
 carbohydrates, lipids, proteins & nucleic acids are ALL able to link together and polymerize

• Mostly Carbon and
Hydrogen, with the possibility of a few
Oxygen
• Used for storing energy in fats and oils
• Most common is three fatty acids bonded to molecule of glycerol

• Saturated means that all Carbons have single bonds. This makes them straight.

• Unsaturated means there are some double bonds, causing bent angles.

• Made from of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen
• Building blocks of proteins are amino acids
• There are 20 types of amino acids
Only the “R” Group Changes!

• 8 amino acids are essential because the human body cannot build them, so they must be eaten
• The other 12 amino acids are nonessential because we can build them on our own.

• Amino acids are bonded into proteins
• Amino acids are connected by peptide bonds

• Subunit is called a Nucleotide
• Nucleotides are composed of:
1.Nitrogen Base
2.Ribose Sugar
3.Phosphate Group

Types of
Nucleic Acids
 Two types of nucleic acids:
RNA: Ribo-
Nucleic Acid
DNA: Deoxyribo-
Nucleic Acid
 Stores and transmits genetic information
H
E
L
I
X
S
I
N
G
L
E
H
E
L
I
X
D
O
U
B
L
E

Testing for Organic Molecules Lab
Purpose : In this lab you will test different foods to determine if they have carbohydrates (starch and/or sugar), proteins, and/or lipids.
Materials :
Food Products : Raw Meat, Potato, Spinach,
Vegetable Oil, Egg White, & Apple Juice
Indicators : Benedict’s Solution ( tests sugar),
Iodine (tests starch), Paper (tests lipids), and
Biuret’s Solution (tests protein).
Other : 1 beaker

Testing for Organic Molecules Lab
• Which organic molecules will you investigate for each food item?
• Do you think foods only have one type of organic molecule in them?
• Design a Procedure.
• What are the SPECIFIC steps of your procedure?
• Design a Data Table.
• What will the data table look like? Remember observations
• Which organic molecule(s) do you predict will be in each food item?