The Balance Changes
in the late 1700s
• Qing enters long period of
decline. End of Dynastic Cycle.
• The Industrial Revolution
begins in Great Britain.
China is Forced to Deal with the
West
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Opium War
Unequal Treaties
Extraterritoriality
Sphere of influence
Open Door Policy
Taiping Rebellion
The Taiping Rebellion was started by
Hong Xiuchuan, a Christian convert
who believed he was the younger
brother of Jesus.
Taiping Rebellion cont.
The Taiping was the the
bloodiest peasant
rebellion that ever
took place in China.
Over 50 million people
were killed.
Western troops help the
Qing to crush the
rebellion.
Boxer Rebellion
• Chinese resent
foreigners
• Anti-foreign Chinese
take action
• Fist of Righteous
Harmony
• Secretly supported by
Cixi
• Western troops on
Chinese soil
Empress Dowager
• Prediction was that a woman of her clan
would end the dynasty.
• Concubine
• Only wanted power
• Money to build a navy
• She built marble boat
• Led conservatives
Hundred Days of Reform
• Emperor Guang Xi supported the Hundred
Days of reform
• Update Civil Service
• Organize Western
Schools
• Promote economic
change
Russo-Japanese War
• Japan stuns the world
• Defeats Russia
• Earns place as a
power in the world
Revolution of 1911
Sun Yatsen
• Led by Sun Yatsen
• Three People’s Principles
– Unify China/get rid of foreigners
– Democratic representative gov.
– “livelihood” decent
living for all
Kuomintang
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Party founded by Sun Yatsen
Also called Guomindang
Also Nationalist Party
Still on Taiwan today
Yuan Shikai
• Powerful general double crosses the Qing
• Cut deal with Sun
• Abdicate if he could be
president of republic
• Really wanted to be
emperor
• Weakens republic
Versailles
• Sun joins WW I to bring China’s problem
to the world
• All foreigners must leave but Japanese
• May 4th 1919 protest
Versailles Treaty
Results of Versailles
• Sun realizes needs a
strong military
• Asks France, Great
Britain and USA for
assistance
• Rejected by all three
• Soviet Union willing to
help
• In return Nationalists
let fledgling
Communist Party
become part of
Nationalist Party
Chiang Kai-shek
• Young army officer
• Sun and Chiang were brothers-in-law
• Went to Soviet Union for
military training
• After Sun died in 1925
Chiang took control of
Nationalist party
Mao Zedong
• Father was a wealthy
peasant
• Emerged as leader of
Communist Party after
Long March
• Led the party until
his death in 1976
Northern Expedition
1926
• Chiang marches north
to defeat warlords and
unite China
• Communists organize
2 million peasants to
help
• Display of strength
frightens Chiang
Purge 1927
• Chiang moves against Communists
• Expelled from Kuomintang
• Thousands of Communists and supporters
killed
• Communists fled to
southeastern
countryside
Communists Build Support in
southern countryside
• Win support of peasants
• Treat fairly
•Work side by side
•Distribute food
•Distribute land
•Lowered taxes
•Set up schools
•Set up clinics
•Government included others
•Looked more democratic
•Life improved for peasants
in areas controlled by
Communists
Long March 1934
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Chiang surrounds Communists bases
Communists break out of blockade
Walked 6000 miles
Took a year
90,000 begin
7,000 survived
Symbol to Communists
Japanese
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1931 attack and take Manchuria
1934 Set up Manchukuo
1937 take coast of China
Rape of Nanjing
1945 Japan surrenders
Civil War
1945-1949
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Nationalist Government
Did little to help the peasants 96% of pop.
Built factories, universities, banks
Had to be a Nationalist to serve in gov.
Land Law but not carried out
Corruption in army
Life of the peasants in Nationalist Territory
does not improve
Why Communists won the support
of the peasants
• Communists made real
improvement
• Communist armies highly
disciplined
• 1949 Communists swept into
Beijing set up People’s
republic of China
• Regardless of aid from USA
Chiang lost and fled to Taiwan
and set up Nationalist
Government