Chapter 5 Key Terms
Tendon
Erythrocytes
Axon
Leukocytes
Visceral
Pleura
Axon
Elastic Cartilage
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Osteocytes
Ligaments
Dendrites
Peritoneum
Parietal
Pericardium
Adipose
Hyaline Cartilage
2
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 5: TISSUES
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Tissues

A group of specialized cells that work together to perform a
specific function

The basic unit of a tissue is a cell

The tissue is classified based on how the cells are arranged

Histology – study of tissues

4 types of tissues:
 Epithelial,
connective, muscle, nervous
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Epithelial Tissue

Characteristics
 Cells
are tightly packed together
 Lacks
a rich blood supply
 Reproduce
 Good

rapidly
nerve supply
Epithelial tissue covers a surface or
lines a cavity
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Epithelial Tissue

Four functions:
1.
Protects underlying tissues
2.
Absorbs
3.
Secretes
4.
Excretes

Anchored to the basement membrane and cells around it

Named according to shape and number of layers
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Epithelial Tissue

Named according to shape
 Squamous:
 Cuboidal:
protection
protection and secretion
 Columnar:
secretion and absorption
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Epithelial Tissue

Named according to layers
 Simple:
1 cell layer
 Stratified:
several layers
 Pseudostratified:
 Transitional:
appears to be several layers, but is not
several layers of easily stretched cells
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Epithelial Tissue

Can also be named based on function

Mucous membrane
 Lines
all cavities that open to the outside of the body
(digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts)
 Often
ciliated
 Protects,
bile salts
absorbs nutrients, and secretes mucus, enzymes and
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Epithelial Tissue

Glandular Epithelium

Exocrine Glands
 Have
excretory ducts that lead from the gland to the surface
of the skin
 Simple
 Ex.
Exocrine Glands: single unbranching ducts
Sweat glands, sebaceous glands
 Compound
 Ex.
Exocrine Glands: branching ducts
Salivary glands
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Epithelial Tissue

Endocrine Glands
 Ductless
 Ex.

glands that secrete hormones
Thyroid gland, pituitary gland
Goblet Cells
 Unicellular
 Scattered
gland that secretes mucus
throughout the epithelial cells
that make up mucous membrane
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Epithelial Tissue

Endothelium
 Special
epithelium that mainly lines the circulatory system
 Usually
a simple squamous arrangement of cells
 Capillaries

consist of 1 layer of endothelium
Endocardium
 Endothelium
that lines the inner parts of the heart
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Epithelial Tissue

Mesothelium (AKA Serous Tissue)
 Lines
the large cavities of the body that do not open to the
outside
 Simple
squamous layer overlying connective tissue

Pleura: serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity

Pericardium: serous membrane that covers the heart

Peritoneum: serous membrane lining abdominal cavity

This type of tissue helps reduce friction between organs
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Connective Tissue

Allows movement and provides support for other types of
tissues

Has abundance of extracellular fluid called matrix

Contains collagen and elastin fibers embedded in matrix

3 types:
 Loose
connective
 Dense
connective
 Specialized
connective
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Loose Connective Tissue

Fibers are not tightly woven among themselves

3 types of loose connective tissue:
 Areolar
 Adipose
 Reticular
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Loose Connective Tissue

Areolar
 Most
widely distributed of the loose connective tissue
 Easily
3
stretches without tearing
main types of cells among its fibers
 Fibroblasts:
form fibrils
 Histiocytes:
also called macrophages
 Mast
cells: produce heparin and
histamine

Basic support tissue around organs, muscles, nerves,
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Loose Connective Tissue

Adipose
 Loaded
 Large
with fat cells
vacuole that contains stored fat
 Nuclei
and cytoplasm are pushed up against cell membrane
 Act
as protective packing around and between organs,
muscle fibers, and nerves
 Poor
conductors
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Dense Connective Tissue

Dense Regular Connective tissue
 Consists
of many closely packed
collagenous fibers, a fine network of
elastin fibers, and some cells
(mainly fibroblasts)
 Lack
good blood supply

Ligaments: attach bone to bone

Tendons: attach muscle to bone

Aponeuroses: wide, flat tendons
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Dense Connective Tissue

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
 Collagen
fibers are thicker and more randomly organized
 Allows
tissue to sustain tension
exerted from many directions

Dermis layer of the skin

Fascia: covering of a muscle
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Specialized Connective Tissue

Cartilage
 Cells
are called chondrocytes (chondro = cartilage)
 Found
in cavities called lacunae
 Various
amounts of collagen and elastin fibers embedded in
matrix cause cartilage to be either flexible or very rigid
3
types of cartilage found in the body
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Specialized Connective Tissue

Hyaline Cartilage
 Has
very fine collagen fibers
 Found
at ends of long bones
 Fetal
skeletal is entirely hyaline cartilage for first several
months
 Ossification
(process of bone replacing cartilage) occurs over
the next several months until baby is born
 Found
in trachea, bronchi, septum in nose, costal cartilage
that connects ribs to sternum
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Specialized Connective Tissue

Fibrocartilage
 Dense
and resistant to much
stretching (very tough)
 Contains
fibers
many collagenous
 Functions
 Found
as a shock absorber
in intervertebral disks
and knees
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Specialize Connective Tissue

Elastic Cartilage
 Abundance
of elastin fibers
 These
fibers allow this cartilage
to be easily stretched
 Framework
for external ear and
parts of larynx
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Specialized Connective Tissue

Bone
 Most
rigid connective tissue
 Made
up of compact bone and
cancellous/spongy bone
 Matrix
has abundance of
mineral salts
 Good

blood supply
Osteocytes
 Bone
cells
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Special Connective Tissue

Blood and hematopoietic tissue
 Unique
in that it is composed of a
fluid portion and the cells

Erythrocytes


Leukocytes


Red blood cells
White blood cells
Transports substances to body
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Muscle Tissue

Its characteristic ability is its ability to contract

Often referred to as a muscle fiber because they are very
long and cylindrical

Smooth Muscle
 Cells
are spindle shaped
 Usually
 Lack
involuntary/controlled by autonomic nervous system
striations: work slowly and rhythmically
 Peristalsis:
movement of food down esophagus
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Muscle Tissue

Skeletal/striated muscle
 Voluntary
 Cells
muscle (controlled by conscious effort)
are long and cylindrical
 Allows
you to react quickly, but also fatigue quickly
 Striations
are caused by alternating light and dark bands
within the muscle
 Light
bands = actin
 Dark
bands = myosin
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Muscle Tissue

Cardiac Muscle
 Only
found in the heart
 Involuntary
 Connected
to each other by intercalated disks
 The
branches of this tissue allow for simultaneous pumping of
the heart
 Pumps
blood throughout the body
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Nervous Tissue

Neuron
 Nerve
 Long
 Live
cell (sometimes called nerve fibers because of length)
cells that carry electrical impulse along its axon
a long time because they are amitotic
 Purposes
are to detect environment, coordinate activities,
thinking, memory, emotions, logic
 Makes
up brain, spinal cord, and nerves of the body
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Nervous Tissue

Cell body: contains the nucleus

Dendrite: connect to other cells

Receive stimuli from other cells
and conduct them to body

Axon: long extension of cell
body

Axon Ending: Connects to other
cells