Human Biology
Sylvia S. Mader
Michael Windelspecht
Chapter 11
Skeletal System
Lecture Outline
Part 2
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11.2 Bones of the Axial Skeleton
The axial skeleton
• Skull – made of cranium and facial bones
• Hyoid bone
• Vertebral column – vertebrae and
intervertebral disks
• Rib cage – ribs and sternum
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11.2 Bones of the Axial Skeleton
The skull and the cranium
• The cranium
– protects the brain.
– is composed of 8 bones.
– has some bones that contain the ______.
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11.2 Bones of the Axial Skeleton
The skull and the cranium
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
maxilla
parietal bone
palatine bone
frontal bone
zygomatic bone
vomer bone
sphenoid bone
nasal bone
ethmoid bone
lacrimal bone
temporal bone
zygomatic bone
maxilla
occipital
bone
external
auditory
canal
foramen
magnum
styloid
process
occipital bone
mandible
a.
Figure 11.3 The bones of the skull.
b.
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11.2 Bones of the Axial Skeleton
Bones of the face and the hyoid bone
• Facial bones
– Mandible
– Maxillae
– Zygomatic bones
– Nasal bones
• ________
– Only bone that does not articulate
with another bone
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11.2 Bones of the Axial Skeleton
Bones of the face and the hyoid bone
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
frontal
bone
temporal
bone
nasal
bone
larynx
zygomatic
bone
maxilla
mandible
hyoid bone
a.
b.
c.
b: © Corbis RF
Figure 11.4 The bones of the face and the location of the hyoid bone.
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11.2 Bones of the Axial Skeleton
The vertebral column
• Types of vertebrae
– 33 vertebrae
•
•
•
•
•
Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacrum (5 fused)
Coccyx (4 fused into tailbone)
• Intervertebral disks
– Fibrocartilage between vertebrae
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11.2 Bones of the Axial Skeleton
The vertebral column
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1
2
3
4
5
6
spinous
process of
vertebra
Seven cervical
vertebrae in
neck region form
cervical curvature.
7
1
rib facet
of vertebra
(only on
thoracic
vertebrae)
2
3
4
5
Twelve thoracic
vertebrae form
thoracic curvature.
Ribs attach here.
6
7
8
9
intervertebral
foramina
10
11
12
transverse
processof
vertebra
1
2
intervertebral
disks
3
Five lumbar
vertebrae in
small of back
form lumbar
curvature.
4
5
Sacrum: Five
fused vertebrae
in adult form
pelvic curvature.
Figure 11.5 The vertebral column.
Coccyx: Usually
three to five
fused vertebrae
form the “tailbone.”
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11.2 Bones of the Axial Skeleton
The rib cage
• Rib(s)
– Protect the heart and lungs
– Flattened bone originating from the
__________ vertebrae
– 12 pairs
• 7 pairs true ribs
• 3 pairs false ribs
• 2 pairs floating ribs
• Sternum
– Known as the breastbone
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11.2 Bones of the Axial Skeleton
The rib cage
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
superior articular
facet for
a vertebra
body
vertebral
canal
articular
facets for
a rib
spinous
process
transverse
process
a.
thoracic vertebra
1
2
3
manubrium
4
true
ribs
5
body
sternum
6
7
xiphoid
process
8
false
ribs
ribs
9
10
12
costal cartilage
11
b.
floating ribs
Figure 11.6 The thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum.
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11.3 Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton
The appendicular skeleton
• Pectoral girdle and upper limb
• Pelvic girdle and lower limb
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11.3 Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton
The appendicular skeleton
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Pectoral girdle
– Scapula and
clavicle
clavicle
acromion process
coracoid process
greater tubercle
glenoid cavity
scapula
deltoid tuberosity
humerus
• Upper limb
– Arm and hand
bones
capitulum
head of radius
trochlea
radius
ulna
head of ulna
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
Figure 11.7 The bones of the pectoral girdle and upper limb.
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11.3 Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton
The appendicular skeleton
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Pelvic girdle
– _______ bone
ilium
acetabulum
head of femur
coxal bone
pubis
neck
ischium
greater trochanter
lesser trochanter
• Lower limb
femur
– Leg and foot bones
medial condyle
patella (kneecap)
tibial tuberosity
lateral epicondyle
head of fibula
tibia
fibula
medial malleolus
tarsals
Figure 11.8 The coxal bones and bones of the pelvis and lower
limb.
lateral malleolus
talus
metatarsals
phalanges
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