Welcome to Physics
Mr. Hedlund
Mr. Skluzacek
8/24
• 1. Describe your strengths.
• 2. What are some things that you would like to get better at?
• 3. Create 2 goals for this semester
• 4. Describe your ideal learning environment
•
Agenda –
•
- Introductions
•
- Syllabus
•
- white boarding activity
•
- Student survey
•
Personality Bingo
Mr. Hedlund
Mr. S
(kluzacek)
On a Notecard answer the following
1.Your first and last name (how you want to be called
2. Spell it phonetically (how it sounds)
3. Contact information (parents or guardians names
and phone numbers)
4. What is something I should know about you?
• What do you think these symbols mean?
• Syllabus – main ideas
Whiteboard procedure
• Wipe off whiteboard thoroughly.
• Stack in pile front facing front, back facing back.
White-boarding (with paper)- May choose 4 or 5 of the following create a visual white boards.
Create one yourself. Introduce another person to the class
•
1.
Describe your hobbies
•
2.
Favorite book or movie
•
3.
Career aspirations
•
4.
What makes you unique?
•
5.
Describe your ideal learning environment
•
6.
What comes to mind when you think of science?
•
7. What did you like or not like in previous science classes
• Student survey / personality bingo
Science process skills
• How is science different from other subjects?
• Why do scientists conduct investigations?
We can’t control Earth’s
motion, but we have
learned the rules by
which it moves. The
study of nature’s rules is
what this book is about.
Understanding these
rules adds richness to
the way we see our
world.
1.3 Scientific Methods
Scientific methods are extremely effective in gaining, organizing, and applying
new knowledge.
The scientific method is often credited to the Italian physicist Galileo Galilei (a.)
and the English philosopher Francis Bacon (b.).
• Fact – observation that has been repeatedly
confirmed
• Law - describes behavior of natural world.
Examples are gravity and Keeplers law and Ohms
• Hypothesis - testable statement
• Theory – well tested explanation that incorporates
facts, laws and tested hypothesis (germ, plate
tectonics, evolution, atomic)
Assessment Questions
8.
Which of the following statements about progress today compared
with progress centuries ago is true?
a. Progress today is slower than it was centuries ago.
b. Progress today is faster than it was centuries ago.
c. Progress today is the same as it was centuries ago.
d. There is no way to determine if progress today differs from
progress centuries ago.
Assessment Questions
8.
Which of the following statements about progress today compared
with progress centuries ago is true?
a. Progress today is slower than it was centuries ago.
b. Progress today is faster than it was centuries ago.
c. Progress today is the same as it was centuries ago.
d. There is no way to determine if progress today differs from
progress centuries ago.
Answer: B
Why do you think this is true?
Assessment Questions
Technology is a
a. body of scientific knowledge.
b. tool of science.
c. form of science.
d. solution to all of humankind’s problems.
Assessment Questions
4.
When someone says, “That’s only a theory,” that person likely
doesn’t know that a scientific theory is a(n)
a. guess that involves a bunch of facts.
b. type of hypothesis.
c. vast synthesis of well-tested hypotheses and facts.
d. untested explanation.
1.5 Scientific Hypotheses
think!
Which of these is a scientific hypothesis?
a. Atoms are the smallest particles of matter.
b. The universe is surrounded by a second universe, the
existence of which cannot be detected by scientists.
c. Albert Einstein was the greatest physicist of the 1900s.
1. Why is it important to use a common measuring system?
2. How many seconds are in a month?
Common converions
Length 1 mile = .6 km
1 mile = 5280 ft
Weight
1 kg = 2.2 pounds
1 pound = 16 oz
1 pound = 454 g
1 century = 100 year
• Understand that scientists conduct investigations for
a variety of reasons, including: to discover new
aspects of the natural world, to explain observed
phenomena, to test the conclusions of prior
investigations, or to test the predictions of current
theories.
8/29
• What is the difference between science and
technology?
• Give an example of how scientific knowledge can
grow due to advances in technology.
• Give an example of how technology can grow due
to new scientific knowledge.
• What was your favorite experiment?
• What future questions do you have?
• Agenda: What is physics?
• Use data from your experiments.
2/3
• Write the following in scientific
notation
• A. 80,000,000
• B. .00045
• C. 456
• Write the following in standard form
Agenda
• A. 7.504 *10^5
• B. 8.32 *10^-3
-Scientifc notation
-Dimensional analysis
Scientific prefixes
• 1 liter = 1000 ml
• 1 meter = 100 cm
• 1 kiloliter = 1000 liters
• 1 kilometer = 1,000 meters
• Liters = volume
• Meters = length
• Grams = mass
Use your units!
Example: I step on my bathroom scale and it reads 150
150 what? 150 lb? 150 kg?
For each measurement we need units.
Do we have to define arbitrarily units for each and every physical parameter?
The answer is no. We need only define arbitrarily units for the following four
parameters:
Length, Mass , Time , Electric Current
In this course we shall use the SI (systeme internationale) system of units
as follows:
Parameter
Length
Unit
meter
Symbol
m
Mass
kilogram
kg
Time
second
s
Electric Current
Ampere
A
All other units follow from the arbitrarily defined four units listed above
Note: SI used to be called the “MKSA” system of units
(1-5)
Everyone
has access
to the Earth,
so this new
system was
to be based
on the size
of the Earth.
The idea was to measure a part of
Earth’s surface over a few degrees,
then calculate distance from Equator to
North Pole.
Cubits
Yards
Miles
Nautical Miles
Feet
Hands
Inches
Leagues
Chains
Furlongs
The meter
A
earth
C
equator
B
1 meter  AB/107
(1-6)
The standard meter
It is a bar of Platinum-Iridium kept at a
constant temperature The meter is defined as
the distance between the two scratch marks
(1-7)
The kilogram (kg)
It is defined as the mass equal to the
mass of a cylinder made of platinumiridium made by the International
Bureau of Weights and Measures. All
other standards are made as copies of
this cylinder
(1-8)
(1-9)
The second (s)
The second is defined as the duration of the mean solar
day divided by 86400
N
The mean solar day is the average time it takes the earth
to complete one revolution around its axis
earth
Where does the 86400 come from?
S
1 day = 24 hours
1 minute = 60 seconds
86400 s
Thus:
1 hour = 60 minutes
1 day 24  60  60 =
International System of
Units
Length
Mass
meter m
kilogram
kg
Time
seconds
Electric current
ampere
Temperature
Kelvin K
Amount of substance
mole
mol
Luminous intensity
candela
cd
A
5 Steps of Problem Solving
• Identify what you are asked.
• Write down what is given or known.
• Look for relationships between knowns and
unknowns (use charts, equations).
• Rearrange the equation to solve for the unknown.
• Do the computations, cancel the units, check for
reasonable answers.
Exponents
• An exponent is used to show that a number has been
multiplied by itself a certain number of times.
24 =2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16
• The number that is multiplied is called the base and the
power to which the base is raised is the exponent.
• By definition, any number raised to the power of 0 is 1.
Use of Exponents in Base
10
1,000,000 = 106 = one million
100,000 =
105 = one hundred thousand
10,000 =
104 = ten thousand
1,000 =
100 =
10=
1=
103 = one thousand
102 = one hundred
101 = ten
100 = one
Scientific Notation
Number
Coefficient Exponent
1000
1X
103
100,000,000
1X
108
0.0000000000000
000000000602
6.02 X
10-23
Multiplication in Scientific
Notation
• To multiply numbers in scientific notation, use two
steps:
• Multiply the coefficients together.
• Add the exponents to which 10 is raised.
(2.5 x 102)(3.0 x 103) =
(2.5 x 3.0)(102+3) =
7.5 x 105
Division in Scientific
Notation
• To divide numbers in scientific notation, use two steps:
1. Divide the coefficients.
2. Subtract the exponents to which 10 is raised.
(6.0 x 102)/(3.0 x 104) =
(6.0 / 3.0)(102-4) =
2.0 x 10-2 =
0.02
Addition/Subtraction in
Scientific Notation
• If the numbers are the same
exponent, just add or subtract the
coefficients.
3.0 x 104
+ 4.5 x 104
7.5 x 104
2/4
How many seconds are in a day.
How many seconds are in a year?
Agenda : dimensional analysis
What if clothing sizes were
different in different cities?
• Dimensional analysis is a mathematical system using
conversion factors to move from one unit of
measurement to a different unit of measurement
• i.e. Unit conversion
1 μL = 10-6 L = 10-3 mL. How many microliters are in .355 liter juice can.
• Information: Dimensional Analysis
• “Dimensional Analysis” is a big scary term that
doesn’t really need to be scary. It’s simple. The basis
for dimensional analysis is this: if you multiply
something by 1 you do not change its value! Pretty
easy, eh? Here’s an example:
• Notice that the value of ½ didn’t really change
because 3/3 is the same as 1. Again, in
mathematics, multiplying by 1 doesn’t change the
Practice
• How many kilometers are in .0371 m?
• How many seconds are there in 1 day?
• How many pounds are in 14.8 g ( 1 kg = 2.2
pounds ) ?
• The density of manganese is 7.21 g/cm3. What is
the density of manganese expressed in units of
kg/m3?
• The density of manganese is 7.21 g/cm3. What is
the density of manganese expressed in units of
kg/m3?
2/5
Agenda: tower power
1. How many pounds are in 75.0 kg?
2. How many miles are in 2.45 ft?
3. The density of manganese is 7.21 g/cm3. What is
the density of manganese expressed in units of
kg/m3?
Hints: 1 mile = 5280 ft, 1 Pound = .45 kg
Warm ups
• How many pounds are in 75.0 kg?
• How many miles are in 2.45 ft?
• Convert 459 ft/s to mi/hr
• Hints: 1 mile = 5280 ft, 1 Pound = .45 kg
1. Think back to the experiments that we did yesterday.
What is physics?
Density, volume, mass
•2. ______ The amount of matter in an object
•3. ______ The amount of space something takes up
•4. ______ The amount of matter in a certain space
•Contest – how else can objects be classified
1.1 The Basic Science—Physics
Physics is about the nature of basic things such as
motion, forces, energy, matter, heat, sound, light, and
the composition of atoms.
2/6
• What is engineering?
• What is the relationship between science and
engineering?
Medtronic
• Headquarters in Fridley
Minnesota
• Earl Bakken invented the
pacemaker
• Inspired by Mary Shelley’s
Frankenstein
What is engineering
• http://www.discoverengineering.org/
• Types of engineering
• Nuclear
• Medical
• Mechanical
• Chemical
• Electrical
Engineering and design
process
• 1. Identify the problem
• 2. Identify criteria and constraints
• 3. Brainstorm possible solutions
• 4. Generate ideas
• 5. Explore possibilities
• 6. Select an approach
• 7. build a model
• Refine the design
1. Which parts of the engineering and design process
involve working on a team?
2. Predict how many centimeters tall you will be able
to make your tower.
• Engineering design is an analytical and creative
process of devising a solution to meet a need or
solve a specific problem.
• 1. Engineering is a way of addressing human needs
by applying science concepts and mathematical
techniques to develop new products, tools, processes
and systems.
• What is the density of a block that is 3*4*5 cm and
weights 30 grams?
• Read the article to SI or not to SI. And answer the
following questions
• What is the jist of the article?
• What are three pros and three cons of moving to the
metric system?
• Notebook check: how many dates do you have from
8/28
• Due today – Tower power
• 1. Are you ready for the quiz? Why or why not
• 2. Today I turn 1,103,760,000 seconds old.
• A. Put this in scientific notation
• B. How old am I in years? (just show how you would
set this up)
• Density is mass / volume
• Volume is l*h*w so 3*4*5 = 12*5 = 60
• 30 grams / 60 ml = .5 gram/ml
2/9
• What procedures did you follow in designing your
tower?
• What modifications did you make during the
building process?
• What could you do to make your building taller?
• What are some constraints that you had?
• Create a 300 word reflection on your tower
• Discuss how you all worked as a team. What did
you do what did your teammates do? Which parts
of the engineering and design process did you
follow. What are some modifications you had to
make?
Create a paragraph response to the following question.
Do you think we should move to the metric system
• Did you use any science concepts or mathamatical
techniques
• 1. If 2-3 complete sentences decribe how your first
few weeks of school went.
• 2. Which class are you the most nervous about?
• 3. What are two academic goals you have?
4. What are two non acadmic goals you have?
• http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?gu
idAssetId=EB2369A7-FD0C-4D91-B19FF3061CA23D85&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=
US
In figure 1, the gyroscope is spinning on its axis.In figure 2, a
force is applied to try to rotate the spin axis.In figure 3, the
gyroscope is reacting to the input force along an axis
perpendicular to the input force.
Scalars
Physical Quantities
Vectors
A scalar is completely described by a number. E.g. mass (m),
temperature (T), etc
A vector is completely described by :
• Its magnitude
• Its direction
Example: The displacement vector
magnitude = 30 paces
direction = northeast
(1-19)
1/21
• What makes science different from other topics?
• Why do scientist create graphs?
How to set up your graph!
How to set up your graph!
Y Axis
(This is for your
dependent
variable)
How to set up your graph!
X Axis
(This is for your
independent variable)
• Dependent variable – the thing that changes as a
result
• Independent variable – one thing that you can
change
Let’s Learn About Graphs.
There are many different types of graphs.
Let’s learn about two kinds.
1. The bar graph
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Math
Reading
10 0
90
80
70
60
2. The line graph
50
40
30
20
10
0
M ath
Reading
S ci
SS
L. A rts
Sci
SS
L. Arts
How to determine scale
Favorite
food
Number of
Teachers
Mexican
22
Spaghetti
15
cheeseburger 11
Sushi
5
Don’t eat
2
• Scale is determined by
your highest & lowest
number.
• In this case your scale
would be from 2 – 22.
How to determine Intervals
Favorite
food
Number of
Teachers
Mexican
22
Spaghetti
15
cheeseburger 11
Sushi
5
Don’t eat
2
• The interval is
decided by your scale.
• In this case your scale
would be from 2 – 22
and you want the
scale to fit the graph.
• The best interval
would be to go by 5’s.
TAILS
Teachers favorite food
T - Title
TAILS
Teachers’s Favorite food
T - Title
A - Axis
Y Axis =
Dependent
Variable
X Axis =
Independent
Variable
TAILS
Teachers’s Favorite food
The amount of space between
one number and the next or
one type of data and the next
on the graph.
The interval is just as important
as the scale
Choose an interval that lets you
make the graph as large as
possible for your paper and
data
T – Title
A – Axis
I – Interval
S – Scale
TAILS
Teachers’s Favorite food
25
T – Title
20
15
A – Axis
10
5
I – Interval
0
S – Scale
TAILS
Teachers’s Favorite food
LABEL your bars or
data points
Label your Y Axis. What do those
numbers mean?
T – Title
25
Number of Teachers
20
A – Axis
15
10
I – Interval
5
0
L – Labels
Singers
Give the bars a general label.
What do those words mean?
S – Scale
When to use…
• Bar graphs
• Used to show data that are not continuous.
• Allows us to compare data like amounts or frequency
or categories
• Allow us to make generalizations about the data
• Help us see differences in data
• Line Graphs
• For continuous data
• useful for showing trends over time