The Human Body
Orientation
Introduction
What is anatomy?
• It is the study of the structure and shape of
the body and body parts and their
relationship to one another.
What is physiology?
• It is the study of how the body and its parts
work or function.
What are the 11 systems of the
human body?
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Integumentary system
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
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Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Urinary system
Reproductive system
What are the levels of structural
organization?
• Chemical level – made up of atoms
• Cellular level – made up of molecules
• Tissue level – made up of similar groups of cells
that have a common function
• Organ level – made up of two or more tissue types
to perform a specific function
• System level – made up of a group of organs to
accomplish a common purpose
• Organismal level – made up of the 11 organ
systems
What are the necessary life
functions for maintaining life?
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Maintaining boundaries - skin
Movement – walking, swimming, running
Responsiveness – sense changes or stimuli in the
environment
Digestion – breaking down food into molecules
Metabolism – all chemical reactions that occur
in the body cells
Excretion – removal wastes from body
Reproduction – production of offspring
Growth – increase in size
What are the survival needs?
• Nutrients (food) – needed for energy and cell
building
• Oxygen – needed for release of energy from food
• Water – needed for body secretions and excretions
(60% to 80% of body weight)
• Body temperature (37ºC or 98ºF)
• Atmospheric pressure – needed for breathing and
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the
lungs
What is homeostasis?
• It is the body’s ability
to maintain stable
internal conditions
even though the
outside environment is
changing
• Controlled by nervous and
endocrine systems
example: control
mechanism
 Receptor – sensor responds
to change
 Control center – maintains
the level or set point
 Effector – response to
stimulus
What is the language of
anatomy?
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Define the following
directional terms: (Pg. 19) •
1. Superior (cranial)
2. Inferior (caudal)
3. Anterior (ventral)
4. Posterior (dorsal)
5. Medial
6. Lateral
7. Intermediate
8. Proximal
9. Distal
10. Superficial
11. deep
Define the following
body plane terms:
1. Median
(midsagittal) plane
2. Frontal (coronal)
plane
3. Transverse plane
What are the body cavities?
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Dorsal body cavity
A. Cranial cavity – space
inside the bony skull
B. Spinal cavity – from
cranial cavity to the
end of the vertebral
column
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Ventral body cavity
C. Thoracic cavity –
separated from the
rest of the ventral
cavity by the
diaphragm
D. Abdominopelvic
cavity – inferior to
thoracic cavity
a) Abdominal cavity
b) Pelvic cavity
Body Planes Diagram
Body Directional Diagram
Body Plane Diagrams
Brain Directional Diagram
Skeletal Directional Diagrams