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What was the “Grito de Delores”?
Who was Father Miguel Hidalgo?
How did the Age of Enlightenment change
traditional ways of thinking?
What role did the “precursors” of the
revolutions, such as Francisco de Miranda,
play in encouraging new ways of thinking?
How did Spain change its policy regarding the
hiring of government officials in the colonies?
How did Creoles and Peninsulares feel about
each other?
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What issues of trade and commerce
aggravated many Creole businessmen?
How did the Spanish colonies of Latin
America view their place within the Empire?
How did Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and
Portugal play out?
Where did the Portuguese royal family move
to?
Whom did Napoleon place on the throne of
Spain?
What was a junta?
How did the colonial juntas respond to the
juntas in Spain?
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In what way was the Napoleonic invasion of
the Iberian Peninsula the straw broke the
colonial back?
Why did the Hidalgo revolt receive little
support from the Creoles of New Spain?
What policies was Hidalgo looking to change
in his attempted revolution?
What was Bolivar’s appraisal of Latin America
according to his “Jamaica Letter” of 1815?
What did the Creoles of Venezuela declare on
July 5, 1811?
Was that declaration welcomed by everyone in
Venezuela?
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Who was Simon Bolivar?
How did his experiences in Europe shape his
political beliefs and ambitions?
Whom did Bolivar convince to lead the first
attempt at establishing Venezuelan
independence?
What role did an earthquake play in bringing
about an end to the First Republic in
Venezuela?
How did Bolivar react to news that Miranda
was secretly negotiating a surrender with
Royalist forces?
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What happened in Buenos Aires on July 27,
1806?
What was the purpose of the English
invasion?
How did the viceroy and peninsulares
respond?
How did the local Creoles respond?
What did the British do after being driven out
of Buenos Aires?
How did the occupation of Montevideo turn
out for the British?
Why did the Creoles not welcome the British?
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What did the locals do with the Spanish
viceroy of the La Plata region?
What is a cabildo abierto?
What sort of reforms did the new junta of
Buenos Aires bring in?
What were portenos?
Why was there a split between many of the
portenos and their compatriots who lived
farther inland?
Describe the socio-economic structure of
Bolivia.
How had the Tupac Amaru II uprising in the
late 1700s affected the Creole elite in Bolivia?
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From where was the idea of revolution
introduced to Bolivia? How?
In 1810 Buenos Aires sent an army into
Bolivia to bring freedom. How did the
expedition go?
Why did many of the Bolivian Creoles not
welcome the liberating army from Buenos
Aires?
How did the second expedition, launched in
1813, turn out?
How did the third expedition, in 1815, end
up?
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Who were the montoneros?
Why were Lima and Buenos Aires so
determined to take control of Bolivia (Upper
Peru)?
Why did the local Creole elite tend to side
with Lima?
What were the obstacles Buenos Aires faced
in trying to subdue Bolivia?
What were some of the advantages and
disadvantages to independence minded
Montevideans as a result of the city’s
location?
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Who was Jose Artigas?
What is a caudillo?
What was the “Grito de Asuncion”, issued in
February 1811?
How did the Spanish viceroy in Montevideo
handle the dual attack from Uruguayan and
Argentine patriots?
How did the Argentines respond to Brazil’s
incursion into the Rio de la Plata region?
Why is Artigas’ retreat from Montevideo into
the hinterland considered a significant
moment in Uruguayan history?
What happened in 1817 after Artigas has
taken control of Montevideo?
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How long would it be until Uruguay became
an independent country?
Why did it take so long?
What was Paraguay’s social and economic
state as of 1810?
How did the Paraguayans react to Spain’s
attempt to speak for all the colonies?
How did Buenos Aires react to Paraguay’s
refusal to go along with its junta?
How did the military campaign go for the
Argentines?
What did Paraguay do on May 17, 1811?
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Did Paraguay develop into a democracy right
away?
What did Jose Francia declare himself to be in
1815?
Why do you think it was relatively easy for
Paraguay to reach independence?
Why would many Chilean Creoles already
consider themselves to be Chilean by the
time Napoleon invaded Spain?
How did the Creoles of Chile outmaneuver the
viceroy?
What did the cabildo abierto of September 10,
1810 decide?
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What steps did the junta take that were clear
indicators of a desire for independence?
What did Jose Carrera do in July of 1811? Why?
What reforms did Carrera institute while in
power?
Was everyone happy with Carrera’s style of
leadership? Why not?
Who was Bernardo O’Higgins?
Where did the most serious opposition to Chilean
independence come from?
Where did O’Higgins and many of the survivors
of the Battle of Rancagua flee?
What were the following years like for the
patriotic Creoles of Chile?
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How did the journey to independence begin for
the people of Ecuador?
Why did they not achieve independence until
Bolivar’s armies marched south from Colombia in
1822?
Why did the juntas of Colombia ultimately fail?
Why did most of the Creoles of Peru not take up
the cause of Independence?
What impact did the native rebellion led by Mateo
Pumacahua have on the Creoles?
What role did the Viceroy of Peru, Jose Fernando
de Abascal play in the counter-revolutionary
movement?
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What was happening in Spain while the
colonies were considering independence?
What was the Cortes convened in Spain and
what sort of decisions did it make?
Were Creole representatives from the
Americas permitted to attend?
How did the Creoles who went feel about
their treatment?
Why was the liberal constitution of 1812
short lived?
Why was Ferdinand VII able to reassert royal
control over the colonies?
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Who was Jose Maria Morelos?
What did he declare in 1810?
Why was popular with the lower classes in
Mexico?
Why did the Creoles of Mexico not support
him?
What happened to Morelos on December 22,
1815?
To where did Bolivar flee after the defeat of
the First Republic in Venezuela?
What did Bolivar call for in the Cartegena
Manifesto?
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What would have caused Bolivar to come to
the conclusion that unity was the key to
winning independence?
What moment of glory did Bolivar experience
in 1813?
Why didn’t it last?
Who were the llaneros?
When did the second Venezuelan republic
come to an end?
What was the state of Spanish America by the
end of 1816?