CHAPTER 3: THE GROWTH
OF A YOUNG NATION
AMERICA EXPANDS IN
THE FIRST HALF OF
THE 19TH CENTURY
THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA: SECTION 1
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3rd President of the U.S.
1800-1808
Election of 1800 pitted
Thomas Jefferson and his
Democratic-Republican
Party vs. John Adams and
his Federalist Party
While Jefferson defeated
Adams by 8 electoral votes,
he tied his running mate,
Aaron Burr
For six days the House of
Reps took vote after vote
until 36 votes later –
Jefferson prevailed (Led to
12th Amendment)
The Jeffersonian Revolution
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Well over 6 feet tall
Not a good public speaker.
One of the greatest writers among U.S. Pres.
A renaissance man
Incredibly well-read in science and
philosophy
Cont. Congress;
assemblyman;
Gov. of Virginia.;
Author of Dec. of Independence;
Min. to France;
Sec. of State;
Vice Pres.
1800 Election Results
Election of 1800
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Adams v. Jefferson again. Close again.
Aaron Burr runs as Dem.-Rep. Vice President
Jefferson wins this time, 73 to 65.
Why do Federalists lose support?
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Alien & Sedition Acts
Election is very personal
New York is the key swing state. NY delivered
to Jefferson by Aaron Burr through his
connections in the state.
Jefferson strongest in west and south where
universal white male suffrage (no property
requirements) had taken hold.
Election
of 1800
Election of 1800
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Aaron Burr problem.
Vice Presidential election and
electoral college before the
12th Amendment
Tie throws election into House
Burr’s reaction
What Hamilton does to help
Jefferson?
Why he does it.
Revolution of 1800
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Election of 1800 arguably the most
significant in US History.
– Why?
The Federalist Finale
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Federalists, like the
dinosaurs, couldn’t
adapt and so
became extinct
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Adams was the last Federalist
president.
Federalist as halfway house
between European past and
American present.
Stayed a party for another 20
years, but can’t win the
presidency.
SIMPLIFYING THE GOVERNMENT
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Jefferson’s theory of
government, known as
Jeffersonian
Republicanism, held that
simple, limited
government was the best
for the people
Jefferson decentralized
the government, cut
costs, reduce
bureaucracy, and
eliminate taxes
Jefferson Memorial
Jefferson’s Political Principles
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Themes of inaugural
Jefferson’s political principles
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Rejected the idea of a political elite.
Backbone of democracy was the free,
independent farmer.
Universal suffrage without regard to
property ownership.
Small government—government
governs best when it governs least.
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Strict construction of the Constitution.
Jeffersonian Restraint
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Jefferson’s first priority was to undue abuses by the
Federalists. What does he do?
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Pardoned those convicted under the Alien and Sedition
Act
Pushed a new naturalization law (1802) that reduced
residence requirement back to five years.
Repealed the excise tax—cost US 1 Mill. per year in lost
revenue.
reduced the national debt
What does he do to the core of Hamilton’s financial
program?
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Keeps national bank & debt repayment plan
Judiciary Act off 1801
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What did it do
“midnight judges”.
How did Dem.-Rep. view law?
Dem.-Rep. repealed the Judiciary
Act.
Chief Justice John Marshall
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Shaped American legal tradition and
meaning of the Constitution more
profoundly than any other single figure.
Served as Chief Justice for 34 years
Marbury v Madison
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Marshall’s first and one of his most important
legacies
Basic Facts
Ruling
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Judicial Review
Consequences
JOHN MARSHALL AND THE POWER
OF THE SUPREME COURT
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Before leaving office, John
Adams (2nd President), attempts
to “pack” the Federal courts with
Federalists Judges
Jefferson argued this was
unconstitutional
Supreme Court Chief Justice
Marshall rules in Marbury v.
Madison (1803) that part of the
Judicial Act was unconstitutional
Established principle of Judicial
Review – the ability of the
Supreme Court to declare a law
unconstitutional
John Marshall And Judicial
Nationalism
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Power of national government reinforced by a series of
decisions by the Supreme Court under John Marshall.
McCulloch v Maryland: Confirms broad reading of
Necessary and Proper Clause
Cohens v. Virginia: Right of US Sup. Ct. to review
state court decisions involving powers of federal
government
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Only Congress can control
interstate commerce
Fletcher v. Peck (1810): Constitution forbids state laws
“impairing” contracts
Dartmouth College v Woodward (1819):
Jefferson Turns Warrior
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Jefferson attitude and actions
toward army and navy.
North African Barbary Pirates
“Shores of Tripoli”
THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE
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By 1803, French leader
Napoleon had abandoned
his dreams of an American
Empire
He needed money to fight
European wars, so he
accepted Jefferson’s offered
of $15,000,000
More than doubled the size
of our country
Lewis and Clark ordered to
go explore new territory
Louisiana Purchase
Terr. West of Mississippi in Miss. and Mo. River watershed
Louisiana In The Long View
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One of the most important events in US History.
Doubled the size of country and gave us very fertile
land.
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Jefferson’s hope that America would develop as an agrarian
society of independent farmers instead of Hamilton’s vision
Increased the momentum of westward expansion.
Led to the feeling that country was unlimited.
Planted the seeds of manifest Destiny—idea that
America destined to control entire continent.
Removed a foreign power from the border
Exploring the Louisiana Purchase
and the West
America: A Nutcrackered Neutral
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Jefferson reelected in 1804 in a landslide.
(162-14),
In his second term forced to deal with the mess
in Europe and to try to find a way to stay
neutral.
Napoleon reignites war in Europe. Brits
oppose.
By 1806 France supreme on Land, Brits
supreme on seas. Stalemate.
At first, US shippers get rich trading to both
sides.
America: A Nutcrackered Neutral
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British & French both stopped American ships from
trading with the other
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Confiscated cargoes
Why does US see this as violation of its rights?
England impresses over 6000 US sailors between
1808-11.
Chesapeake Affair -1807
Americans outraged and ready for war, but
Jefferson refuses to pull the trigger. Why?
Jefferson’s Backfiring Embargo
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National Honor required US to do something
Pros and cons of US options.
Embargo Act (1807)
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Assumed this would quickly bring England and
France around.
Embargo
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Most people HATE it. Why?.
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New England Federalist particularly mad.
What did they argue?.
Consequences:
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Three times more costly that war would have been.
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New England depression
Threatened to secede from Union
Ultimately did help New England factories.
Hamilton-Burr Duel
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Federalist attitude toward
Louisiana Purchase
Aaron Burr Plot for the
secession of New England
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Hamilton-Burr duel in 1804.
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Ran for governor of New York
Reason for Duel
Burr killed Hamilton during the
duel, and Burr further discredited
Burr tried for treason
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acquitted
Non-Intercourse Act
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March 1809, just before Jefferson leaves
office, Congress repealed the embargo and
substituted the Non-Intercourse Act
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No trade with England or France
Non-Intercourse Act did hurt England, and
they repealed Orders in Council, but too late
to avoid War of 1812
MADISON ELECTED PRESIDENT
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4th President 1808-1816
After two terms,
Jefferson is succeeded
by James Madison
Madison was two-term
President 1808-1816
Known as the “Father
of the Constitution,
Madison also is known
for his leadership
during the War of 1812
James Madison
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Became 4th President in 1809.
5-4, 100 lb., weak voice.
Very distinguished career:
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Cont. Congress, Congressman, Const.
Convention, Sec. of State.
Not very successful as President.
Party broken by factions and he
was not a strong leader of it.
Dolly Madison, first true First Lady
who acted as social hostess.
Madison: Dupe Of Napoleon
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Macon’s Bill No. 2
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Why it was passed?
What it said about trade?
Napoleon tricks Madison into believing France
would comply. Sets US on course antagonistic to
England.
“War Hawks”
War Hawks pushing for War against England.
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Why?
Henry Clay; John C. Calhoun
“War Hawks”
John C. Calhoun [SC]
Henry Clay [KY]
Battling Indians in the West
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War Hawks believed Brits stirring
up Indians in the West.
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Kentucky Problem
Tecumseh and Prophet.
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Shawnee Brothers
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They began to build a tribal
confederacy east of the
Mississippi.
Their plan to unite the tribes.
Attacked Settlers in “their” land.
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Indian Battles
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Nov 1811 General William
Henry Harrison (9th
president) attacked
Tecumseh’s headquarters
at Tippecanoe Indiana
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1814 Andrew Jackson (7th
President) crushed Creek
Indians at Battle of
Horseshoe Bend (Alabama)
War of 1812
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June 1812 militant War
Hawks get a declaration of
war from Congress,
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very narrow vote, signaling a
dangerous division in the
country
Federalists strongly oppose
Dub it “Mr. Madison’s War”
WAR OF 1812 – U.S. vs. BRITAIN
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Causes: British
“impressment” (seizing
Americans at sea and
drafting them into their navy)
upset Americans
The War: 1814 – British
sack D.C. Burn White house
Andrew Jackson leads great
victory in New Orleans
Treaty of Ghent signed,
Christmas Eve, 1814
British Impressment of U.S.
seamen upset Americans
War of 1812
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War of 1812 was one of the worst fought wars.
Reasons:
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Country was divided over the war.
New England states didn’t want it
No burning sense of outrage, as had been after
Chesapeake
Army was ill-trained, ill-disciplined
Generals poor.
War Hawks didn’t follow through after voting for the
war
Washington Burned
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1814 a second British force
landed in Chesapeake Bay and
advanced toward Washington.
Burned most of the public
buildings, including Capitol and
White House.
British fleet then beaten off at
Fort McHenry.
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Francis Scott Key —Star
Spangled Banner.
Battle of New Orleans
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8000 Brits attack New Orleans
Jackson in charge of defense
with hodge-podge force of
soldiers, pirates, Frenchmen.
Brits over-confident and attack
US entrenched positions.
Brits are pummeled. Jackson a
hero
But, battle two weeks after peace
treaty
The Treaty Of Ghent
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1814, US peace delegation headed by John Quincy
Adams.
British have strong bargaining position originally.
Why?
Ask for harsh peace terms?
Then, Brits lose in New York and Baltimore, and are
more reasonable.
Treaty of Ghent.
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stop fighting and to restore conquered territory.
No mention of the American grievances.
War essentially a draw
The Hartford Convention
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Federalists and New England strongly oppose the war.
Blue Light Federalists
Hartford Convention (1814)—Most notable
manifestation of New England discontent
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Mass, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Vermont
sent delegates
Some discussion of secession, but report much less radical
Convention issues its report just before Jackson wins at New
Orleans and peace treaty is announced.
Makes them look foolish, and contributes to the further decline of
Federalist Party.
RESULTS OF WAR OF 1812
Results of the war
included:
 End of the Federalist
Party (opposed war)
 Encouraged industries
in U.S.
 Confirmed status of
U.S. as a strong, free,
and independent
nation
Despite the burning of the President’s
mansion, the U.S. emerged strong
Results of the War of 1812
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Small War and insignificant in military terms.
But, important positive consequences for the US
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Gained respect of other nations
US came to accept Canada as a neighbor
Talk of secession and nullification in NE set a
precedent for the South in a few years
Native Americans lost more ground
War heroes like Jackson & Harrison became
potential next gen political leaders
Results of the War of 1812
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Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)
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Demilitarized the Great Lakes
End of War of 1812 is a major break-point in US
History. End of involvement in Europe for next
100 year.
America looks inward
NATIONALISM SHAPES POLICY
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James Monroe was elected
president in 1816
Immediately, Nationalism
clearly established as key
concern of administration
Treaty with Britain to jointly
occupy the Oregon Territory
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
secured Florida & southernmost areas of SE America
James Monroe
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James Monroe (5th President)
elected president in 1816.
Last of the Virginia dynasty
Least distinguished on the first 8
presidents
Last election in which Federalists ran
a candidate.
Fought in the revolution,
Va. assembly,
Continental Congress,
Minister to France,
negotiated Louisiana Purchase.
Monrovia in Africa named for him.
Treaty of 1818
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Settled outstanding issues with England
Terms:
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Permitted Americans to share the coveted
Newfoundland fisheries with Canada
Fixed the northern limits of Louisiana Purchase.
Provided for a 10-year joint occupation of the Oregon
country.
The Convention of 1818
Acquiring Florida
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American’s want Florida
Florida haven for Indians
and ruffians raiding
across the border into
Georgia.
Andrew Jackson’s
mission.
Andrew Jackson’s
instructions
Jackson runs amok
Spanish afraid US will
take it by force, so agree
to sell.
Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819
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Spain ceded Florida as well as Spanish
claims to Oregon
US agreed to abandon claims to Texas.
Solidified the South and Western border of
the Louisiana purchase
Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819
Changes in US
Territory as a result
of treaties in 1818
and 1819
New Nationalism
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Most important by-product of War of
1812 was heightened nationalism
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New national literature
New Pride in things produced by
Americans.
Changed Finance-- Revived Bank of the
U.S. was approved by Congress.
A new national capital was built in
Washington.
Army was expanded to 10,000 men and
reliance on militia was discredited
Navy grew
Era Of Good Feelings
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Term arose to describe
Monroe’s first term.
Reflects to sense of
nationalism and recent
“victory” in War of 1812.
Something of a misnomer,
and short-lived, because
plenty of divisive issues
during this period.
The Panic Of 1819
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Deflation, bankruptcies,
bank failures,
unemployment.
First depression.
Cycle of boom and bust.
Business cycle:
Prosperity; overspeculation; collapse;
depression; recovery
Causes of the Panic of
1819
Who did it hit hardest?
Who did the west blame?
THE MONROE DOCTRINE
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In the early 19th
Century, various
European countries
hinted at increased
colonization
In his 1823 address to
Congress, Monroe
made it clear to Europe:
Don’t interfere with
Western Hemisphere
(Monroe Doctrine)
Monroe Doctrine
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European actions toward Latin
America.
Americans alarmed. Reasons.
Concerns over Russia
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
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Noncolonization —No new
colonization by Europeans in
Western Hemisphere.
Nonintervention — told
European monarchs to keep
their noses out of Americas.
This was America’s area to deal
with.
Monroe Doctrine
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European reaction.
Latin American reaction
Enforceablity
Expression of
Nationalism and
Isolationism.
No real diplomatic affect
for another 70 years.
What idea does this political cartoon convey?