Requirement Definition Process
Requirement Specification
Marketing Requirement

Description of customer need, “the product should be
lightweight”
Engineering Requirement

Measurable engineering characteristics, “the product
weighs 6.2 pounds”
Requirement Specification, a collection of
engineering and marketing requirements that
satisfy a particular need.


Functional Specification - description of inputs, outputs
and functionality of important subsystems
Technical Specification - complete details of the design
Other Engineering Requirements
Reliability and Availability
Environmental
MTBF and MTTR

Energy consumption



Pavg

Ipeak

Battery Life

Shock and Vibration
Temperature and
Humidity
Voltage and Frequency
Software and Computing


Data transfer formats
Usability
RASUI – Reliability, Availability, Serviceability,
Usability and Installability
Constraints
Economic
Environmental
Ethical and Legal
Health and Safety
Manufacturability
Political
Social
Sustainability
Standards
Internal
External



Governmental
Trade/Professional Association
Customer
Voluntary
Mandatory

Cannot sell a product in a country unless it
meets all applicable standards levied by that
country.
Umbrella Organizations
ISO – Geneva, Switzerland
ANSI – Washington, DC
These organizations collect and disseminate
standards in all types of industries. They also
establish working groups to review and solicit
standards with the goal of harmonizing conflicts
among competing standards.
Purposes
Compatibility



Screw threads
Batteries
Connectors on cables
Protection



Safety
Hazardous materials
Electromagnetic interference
Sources of Standards
Manufacturers
Trade groups and professional
societies
Insurers
Government regulatory agencies
Department of Defense
Manufacturers
Test equipment interconnect

HPIB Bus
 Cables and connectors
 Command set and protocol

IEEE-488
 Extended HP standard to the industry and
allowed other manufacturers to participate.

VXI/PXI/PCI/USB/RS-232
Professional Societies
IEEE



Set standards for nearly all aspects of EE
“Color Books”
Some well known
 IEEE1394 (FireWire)
 IEEE 802 (Wireless communications)
 IEEE 488.2 (GPIB instrumentation protocols)
Insurers
Fire safety
Personnel safety
Underwriters Laboratories (UL)
Government Regulations
Many government regulations are
imposed to ensure that the product
will not have a negative effect on its
environment including its operators.
Others are imposed to facilitate or
control trade.
Government Agencies
OSHA -- Personnel safety
EPA -- Environmental protection
FCC -- Electromagnetic
interference
FDA -- Food and Drug Safety
FAA -- Safety of flight
Department of Defense
Standards for military equipment
Adopted by most nations
Examples




MIL-STD-28800D, Portable electronic equipment
MIL-STD-461D, Electromagnetic compatibility
MIL-STD-882D, System Safety
MIL-STD-883F, Test Methods Standard Microcircuits
MIL-STD/HDBKs often used commercially

MIL-HDBK-217F, Reliability Predictions for Electronic
Equipment
Other Agencies
CSA

Personnel safety (Canadian)
IEC

Safety and electromagnetic
interference (European)
International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC)
First President was Lord Kelvin (1906)
HQ: Geneva, Switzerland
Prepares and publishes international
standards for all electrical, electronic and
related technologies
61 member countries
Promotes international cooperation and
harmonization of standards
Removes technical barriers to trade
IEC Standards
Terminology and symbols
Electromagnetic compatibility
Measurement and performance
Dependability
Safety and the environment.
IEC Standards
Currently 179 Technical Committees
Members from around the world
Covers all aspects; for example,



Batteries
Motors
Components
Often categorized by usage




Industrial
Laboratory
Home
Medical
Political Context
With the establishment of the European
Economic Community (EEC), the IEC took
on greater importance because it was
chosen to establish standards to facilitate
trade.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) also
uses the IEC, with the result that most
national standards have migrated to the
IEC.
Assessment
Companies are required to furnish proof
of compliance.
100% test of all units produced is very
expensive and generally not required.
Typically a few units are tested for “type
acceptance.” Testing can be done by the
manufacturer or by a third party if the
manufacturer does not have the
necessary test facilities.
Companies should have an audit plan
where units off the production line are
periodically tested.
DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
Manufacturer’s Name:
Agilent Technologies, Inc.
Manufacturer’s Address:
1400 Fountaingrove Parkway
Santa Rosa, CA 95403-1799
USA
Declares that the products
Product Name:
Spectrum Analyzer
Model Number:
E4401B, E4402B, E4403B, E4404B
E4405B, E4407B, E4408B, E4411B
Product Options:
This declaration covers all options of the
above products.
Conform to the following product specifications:
EMC: IEC 61326-1:1997+A1:1998 / EN 61326-1:1997+A1:1998
Standard
CISPR 11:1990 / EN 55011-1991
IEC 61000-4-2:1995+A1998 / EN 61000-4-2:1995
IEC 61000-4-3:1995 / EN 61000-4-3:1995
IEC 61000-4-4:1995 / EN 61000-4-4:1995
IEC 61000-4-5:1995 / EN 61000-4-5:1996
IEC 61000-4-6:1996 / EN 61000-4-6:1998
IEC 61000-4-11:1994 / EN 61000-4-11:1998
CERTIFICATE DELIVERED
WITH THE NEW
SPECTRUM ANALYZER
RECEIVED BY THE
ECE DEPARTMENT
Limit
Group 1, Class A
4 kV CD, 8 kV AD
3 V/m, 80–1000 MHz
0.5 kV sig., 1 kV power
0.5 kV L-L, 1 kV L-G
3 V, 0.15–80 MHz
1 cycle, 100%
Safety: IEC 61010-1:1990 + A1:1992 + A2:1995 / EN 601010-1:1983 + A2:1995
CAN/CSA-C22/2 No. 1010.1-92
Supplementary Information:
The products herewith comply with the requirements of the Low-Voltage
Directive 73/23/EEC and the EMC directive 89/336/EEC and carry the CEmarking accordingly.
Santa Rosa, CA, USA 17 April 2000
Greg Pfeiffer/Quality Engineering Manager
The 6 Hazards of Product Safety
Risk of Shock
Risk of Energy
Risk of Fire
Risk of Injury
Radiation Hazards
Chemical Hazards
Risk of Shock
Prevent access to hazardous voltages:
 30 Vrms
 60 Vdc
Risk of Energy
Prevent access to circuits capable of
delivering 240 VA or more.
Energy can melt bracelets, watches, and
rings
Risk of Fire
Limit flammability of combustible materials
Limit temperatures of flammable materials
Prevent electrical discharge to
flammable/explosive materials
Containment of fire
European standards used to aim at proof
that there is no potential for fire.
US focus is on fire containment.
New international standards have adopted
the US approach.
Risk of Injury
Limit access to hazardous moving
parts, sharp edges, pinch points,
etc.
Prevent equipment tip-over
Radiation Hazards
Limit exposures
Lasers
CRT
Non-ionizing & ionizing radiation
Chemical Hazards
Ozone
Spillage of hazardous liquids
Batteries
Summary
Standards help obtain compatibility between
products.
Mandatory standards must be met to sell
products legally.
Internal standards are often used to assure the
quality and reliability of the product.
External standards are imposed for compatibility
and protection.
Compliance with the applicable standards must
be guaranteed by the manufacturer.