ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Prerequisite – Students taking this course will have covered basic Biology in Grade 9 or 10; the learned should have a knowledge of the chemistry of life [water; macromolecules]; structure and function of the cell; and cell metabolism. Main topics of A & P include – an overview of cell structure and function; Histology; and a detailed study of five selected organ systems. Anatomy – deals with the structure; what is it made of? How? Physiology – deals with function; the way that structure functions. Structure and function go hand in hand. Consider for example, the urinary bladder; blood vessels; teeth. Discuss 2 other examples clearly identify the structure and then relating that to its physiology. First in your own words; then go online and get additional info [from a varistyname.edu; online text or scientific journal, CDC or National Institutes of Health] Levels of organization: Atomic molecular organelle cellular organs organ systems organism tissues species… Physiology deals mainly with the tissue, organ and organ systems levels. There are 10 organ systems - name them: Organ system Basic structure Functions Links and Resources: http://www.csun.edu/science/biology/anatomy/anatomy.html http://humananatomyandphysiologyhq.com/ Accessed August 7, 12 Histology is the study of the structure and function of cell tissues. Histology relies on microscopy to reveal the cells and their contents. A high-powered compound light microscope is a basic requirement. Good introductory notes on the epithelium http://www.pathguy.com/histo/002.htm http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/ Click on this link and investigate various tissue types. Examine prepared microscope slides and online micrographs. “Epithelia ensure many critical functions of the body, including protection against the external environment, nutrition, respiration, and reproduction. Stem cells (SCs) located in the various epithelia ensure the homeostasis and repair of these tissues throughout the lifetime of the animal.” (Keymeulen and Blanpain, 2012. The Journal of Cell Biology) Research one organ system; show its structure and function. Evaluate its importance or contribution to the organism. - cell level – what do they look like tissue level – what types of tissues organ level – identify the organs and what they do organ system – bring them all together. Write in your own words; cite quotations and list your references. 1000 words Due August 28, 2012 hard copy Connective tissues – types and functions: Good introductory notes on basic histology; micrographs. http://www.pathguy.com/histo/002.htm the 2 other groups of tissues are muscles and nerves. Virtual lab – online database The Neurone Connection, http://www.wellesley.edu/Biology/Concepts/Html/theneuronconnection.html Accessed August 18, 2012 Do the ‘neuron connection’ and takes notes of the structure and function of the neuron; nerves; CNS and PNS. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Skin, hair and nails Structure – 2 layers the dermis and outer layer, the epidermis The skin has 4 kinds of tissue – epithelial; nervous [nerve endings and receptors]; connective – blood and adipose tissue; and muscles. The epidermis is the outermost layer and is composed of many layers of flattened cells [squamous epithelium]. The topmost layers are dead cells that may appear as dandruff on dry scalp. The inner epidermis constantly produces new cells to replace the dead cells. The inner, thicker layer is the dermis. It contains the 4 tissue types. Muscle is in the form of collagen and elastin which makes your skin both strong and elastic [able to stretch] Function: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookintegusys.html Functions of the skin Protective layer Defense against pathogens Homeostasis Biosynthesis Sensory stimuli Excretory function Notes Protects the deep layers of the skin; prevents drying by producing oil from sebaceous glands Barrier against pathogens; Is a part of the inflammatory response Temperature regulation together with the hypothalamus; sweat produced cools the skin; hair on skin insulates you Production of vitamin D by the skin is stimulated by sunlight that converts a chemical in the skin to vitamin D Has receptors that respond to touch, pressure and external temperature Sweat glands excretes water and some waste products from the body http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=endscreen&v=d-IJhAWrsm0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SY8kIzQsZQ4&feature=related Accessed August 25, 2012 **** Mice cloned from skin stem cells Mice cloned from skin stem cells. The technology used, nuclear transfer, entails replacing a mouse oocyte with a skin stem cell nucleus. The hybrid cell is then cultured to form a tiny cluster of cells, which can be used either to generate mice or to make embryonic stem (ES) cells. See also Li, J., Greco, V., Guasch, G., Fuchs, E., and Mombaerts P. 2007.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104:2738–2743. Fuchs’ investigation, together with her colleague, show that skins cells can be used to generate a whole organism as in the case with mice [see above]. Before this only egg nuclei were successful in nuclear transfer. [Fucks, 2007] An example of cell to cell communication http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/cellcom/ Accessed August 30, 2012 The skin has 4 types of glands [an organ or tissue that excrete a substance] Gland in skin Sweat gland Sebaceous gland Ceruminous glands Mammary glands Function Thermoregulation and excretion Keeps skin waterproof; prevents skin drying out Produce earwax which keeps the ear drum ‘soft’ and prevents drying Produce milk Pigmentation Melanocytes are cells that contain the pigment melanin. They are found in the basal layer of the epidermis/innermost epidermis. This gives skin and hair their color. The function of melanin is to protect the body from ultra violet light in sunlight. Albinism Keratin Keratinocytes are cells that make keratin; keratin is a tough protein found in hair and nails. Keratinocytes are found in the upper layer of the epidermis [superficial]. Our nails and tough skin in the soles of the feet give protection from mechanical pressure. DISEASES OF THE SKIN Acne http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001876/ Accessed September 1, 2012 Eczema/dermatitis http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001856/ Accessed September 1, 2012 Fungal infections – athlete’s foot Keratosis is also called chicken skin because it looks like goose bumps; it is not sore or itchy. It is not acne; it usually forms on the upper back and other parts of the body. Over 50% of adolescents go through a time of keratosis. (Alai, Nili; Arash Michael Saemi,Raul Del Rosario. "Keratosis Pilaris". eMedicine. 2008) Keratosis occurs when the skin produces too much keratin; the keratin surrounds and entraps the hair follicles. Microbial infections Psoriasis http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001470/ Accessed September 1, 2012 Tumors – may or may not be cancerous; moles are not cancer; melanomas are cancers of the skin. Ulcers – Mouth ulcers are sores in the mouth. Pathological impacts on hair Drugs used in cancer chemotherapy frequently cause a temporary loss of hair, noticeable on the head and eyebrows, because they kill all rapidly dividing cells, not just the cancerous ones. Other diseases and traumas can cause temporary or permanent loss of hair, either generally or in patches. [Wikibooks, 2012] Nails Nails are made of keratin; they protect the inner layers of the body Toe nails: SKIN CARE What is the effect of synthetic cosmetics on the skin? What are some of the substances in facial cosmetics? Discuss the effects of mercury and other compounds in skin-lightening creams. Activity – create a virtual facial skin cream made from natural substances. If you add any synthetic chemicals, justify your decision. The cream should be effective or at least helpful against acne Substance in skin cream Royal jelly What it does for the skin Package it attractively! HEALTH What is the drug patch delivery system? How does it work? Compare its efficacy to hypodermal injections and oral intake of medicine. [Transdermal patch] ½ page plus a small image ****** Poster Project A&P Block H Due date September 7, 12 NAIL IT!! Make a fact sheet on nails – It must be both eye-catching and informative What are nails? Outline the structure and function of nails. Get actual photos from at least 10 persons – fingernails and toenails. When nails go wrong – infections and disorders. What should be done about it – Medical/professional referral. On A3 paper or poster size. Show all sources and credits in font size 10 Hair Growth Hair growth occurs in cycles consisting of three phases: Anagen (growth phase): Most hair is growing at any given time. Each hair spends several years in this phase. Catagen (transitional phase): Over a few weeks, hair growth slows and the hair follicle shrinks. Telogen (resting phase): Over months, hair growth stops and the old hair detaches from the hair follicle. A new hair begins the growth phase, pushing the old hair out. Hair grows at different rates in different people; the average rate is around onehalf inch per month. Hair color is created by pigment cells producing melanin in the hair follicle. With aging, pigment cells die, and hair turns gray. http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/picture-of-the-hair Accessed September 4, 2012 Burns A burn is damage to your body's tissues caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, sunlight or radiation. Scalds from hot liquids and steam, building fires and flammable liquids and gases are the most common causes of burns. There are three types of burns: First-degree burns damage only the outer layer of skin [epidermis] Second-degree burns damage the outer layer and the layer underneath Third-degree burns damage or destroy the deepest layer of skin and tissues underneath [up till the hypodermis] Burns can cause swelling, blistering, scarring and, in serious cases, shock and even death. They also can lead to infections because they damage your skin's protective barrier. Antibiotic creams can prevent or treat infections. After a third-degree burn, you need skin or synthetic grafts to cover exposed tissue and encourage new skin to grow. First- and second-degree burns usually heal without grafts. NIH: National Institute of General Medical Sciences CHECK: What is a skin graft? How does it help generate new skin? Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System A. Reduced Blood Flow B. Decreased Elasticity C. Loss of Subcutaneous Tissue D. Decreased Glandular Activity E. Decreased Melanocytes With Uneven Distribution (Seeley et al, Anatomy & Physiology) SKIN CANCER – Melanomas Cancers that develop from melanocytes, the pigment-making cells of the skin, are called melanomas. Melanocytes can also form benign growths called moles. Melanoma and moles are discussed in our document called Melanoma Skin Cancer. Skin cancers that are not melanoma are sometimes grouped together as nonmelanoma skin cancers because they tend to act very differently from melanomas. [www.cancer.org/Skin cancer-Basal and squamous cell] Review – Animations: http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/ap1int.htm#bonejoint Accessed September 5, 2012 Remember – there are 4 types of tissues Source: articlesweb.org Retrieved September 8, 2012 There are 7 kinds of connective tissue: Bone, cartilage, areolar tissue [loose connective tissue], blood, elastin; fibrous and lymphatic tissue. The main functions of connective tissue are: Support Protection Transport Insulation Bone provide a support framework; skeletal muscles are used for movement Bones protect organs like the lungs, spinal cord, brain; lymphatic system fights pathogens Blood is the transport system Adipose tissue [fat tissue] in the hypodermis keeps you warm. Fat also acts as a shock absorber in vital organs like the heart and kidney. Images Source: articlesweb.org Retrieved September 8, 2012 http://www.articlesweb.org/news/connective-tissues-types-and-features Connective tissue Aerolar Adipose Blood Bone Cartilage Elastin Cell type Various; protein fibers adipose cells Blood cells Osteocytes Chondrocyte Elastic protein fibers Notes Bind epithelium to other tissue Storage of fat/insulation Transport Support Support Elasticity and support Fibrous Lymphatic Fibroblasts Leukocytes Strength and support Defense against pathogens Bone histology http://microanatomy.net/bone/compact_bone_histology.htm Accessed September 11, 2012 Harvesian canals/canilculi Osteocytes; lacuna Blood supply Calcium deposits Skeletal bones – compact bones Compact bone: The osteon or Harvesian system is the structural unit of the bone. It consists of cylindrical channels running the length of the bone. The central canal has blood vessels and nerves which branch sideways into the osteon. Osteocytes are arranged in concentric rings in the osteon. These cells are found in small spaces called lacunae. Spongy bone tissue is so called because they have spaces in them and resemble a sponge; the osteons are not as tightly packed as in compact bone. It is found in the center of long bones. Bone marrow is spongy bone. http://eugraph.com/histology/crtbone/spongbo.html Accessed Septmeber 13, 12 Red bone marrow is found in flat bones like the ribs and sternum. It makes red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Yellow marrow is found in the diaphysis [bone shaft] of long bones. It is a store for fat and is easily converted into red marrow when you need to make more blood cells. Development of bone In the embryo it starts as cartilage. As the child grows deposits of calcium phosphate into the bone cells makes the bones hard. Cartilage formation and replacement is how bones grow. Teeth develop from alveolar bone found in the maxilla and mandibles. Bone, horizontal loss of, n a resorption of bone caused by periodontal inflammation in which the bone crest remains even with the cementoenamel junctions of two adjoining teeth. The condition may be localized or generalized. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/spongy+bone Bone disorders Fractures – a break in the bone[s] Osteroporosis – decalcification of bones usually with aging Osteomyelitis – infection of the bone by bacteria http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004996/ Accessed Sep 20, 12 Rickets –severe bow legged appearance due to lake of vitamin D. The latter is needed for calcium uptake by the bones. Bone cancer / tumor Bone cancer that starts in the bones is called primary bone cancer. That which comes to the bones as it spreads from other organs s called secondary bone. This can occur if cancer spreads from the kidneys, breasts and lungs. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002210/ Accessed Sep 20, 12 ACTIVITY Interactive Case Studies and the Human Body http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/abio/casestudies/ Accessed Sept 11, 12 Case Studies by Sandmire http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/ap_casestudies/index.html Accessed Sept 11, 12 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Get body smart http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/menu/menu.html Sept 13, 12 http://anatomycorner.com/main/anatomy-topics/skeletal-system/ The heel bone is called calcaneous; it connects to the carpals which connect to the metacarpals; phalanges. Source: http://freeweb.com Axial skeleton – skull, neck; vertebral column; rib cage Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdles [pelvic and 2 shoulder blades & collar bones] The human skeletal is made of 206 bones – support; a place for muscles to attach and together allow movement. Anatomy of a long bone http://anatomycorner.com/skeletal/bone_coloring.html Accessed September 16, 12 epihysis; diaphysis; periosteum; artuclar cartilage; marrow Notes from Anatomy Corner – link anatomycorner.com http://anatomycorner.com/skeletal/notes_ch7.html Distinguish between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. What is resorption? What is bone remodeling? Vertebrate joints and locomotion Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by at least 2 tendons, tough connective fibers made of collagen. Two bones are connected at a joint and held in place by ligaments. Tendons connect muscle to bone. A muscle can only shorten and pull on a bone. Once shortened, it can be extended back to its original length by the action of another muscle. In the arm, the biceps are in front and the triceps are at the back. They are an antagonistic pair of muscles, moving the arm in opposite directions. Joints are classified into 3 types according to their structure and the amount of movement they allow. Fibrous joints found between the bones of the skull Cartilaginous joints, for example intervertebral discs Synovial joints contain a cavity filled with fluid and they move freely in one or more plane. Ball and socket joints – in pelvic girdle and shoulder blade sockets Hinge joints – elbow and knee Pivot joints – allow rotation between radius and ulna Gliding joints – sliding movement between scapula and clavicle Saddle joint – allow rotation in the wrist bones. Arthritis Arthritis is inflammation of one or more joints. A joint is the area where two bones meet. There are over 100 different types of arthritis. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002223/ Accessed Sept 30, 12 Bone Marrow and blood stem cells “or·tho·pe·dics/ˌôrTHəˈpēdiks/ Noun:The branch of medicine dealing with the prevention and correction of deformities of bones or muscles”. Orthopedic transplant in the ulna – to the right hand side of the image. Fracture –a broken bone. A fracture may be open [break through the skin], closed [no skin break] or displaced, where the broken parts are out of alignment. Type of fracture Displaced Open Can be either Closed Name Comminuted Simple fracture/ transverse Symptoms Bone moves from its location Bone displaced and cuts through the skin Multiple breaks in a bone Horizontal break but stays in place. Angular break but stays in alignment Closed Both Closed Both Compound fracture/ oblique Greenstick Impacted Hairline crack Stress fracture A bent bone – usually in young children Crushed in from both ends A crack in the bone Caused by strain or an unrelated condition. For example osteoporosis causes brittle bones that can break Research and turn it in: Hip replacement therapy Hormones and bone growth The growth of bones is regulated by growth hormone [GH]. “GH affects several tissues including liver, muscle, kidney, and bone... Since GH has important effects on skeletal tissues, our focus in this article will be on our current understanding of GH effects on bone. A large increase in bone mass occurs during childhood and puberty via endochondral bone formation. A gradual increase in bone mass is then seen until peak bone mass is reached at 20–30 years of age. Subsequently, bone mass decreases with an accelerated bone loss seen in females after menopause. Bone remodeling is regulated by a balance between bone resorption and bone formation. In this process GH is known to play a role”… (Ohlsson et al, 1998, Endocrine Reviews). “Bone remodeling is the process of new bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. GH directly…stimulates osteoblast proliferation and activity, promoting bone formation. It also stimulates osteoclast differentiation and activity, promoting bone resorption. The result is an increase in the overall rate of bone remodeling, with a net effect of bone accumulation” Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12868124 Accessed Sep 22, 12 Remember: Osteocytes – bone cells in the osteon Osteoblasts – bone cells that make new bone cells from cartilage Osteoclasts – bone cells that break down and reabsorb bone tissue. Hip Replacement Surgery http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DosqbEy8ecY Accessed Sept 30, 12 Review video: The Skeletal system http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8d-RBe8JBVs Accessed October 10,12 Human Muscles Know the location and muscle group names. For example, the quadriceps are a set of muscles in each thigh [anterior side]. http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/muscularsystem/armmuscles/menu/menu.html http://anatomycorner.com/muscles/muscles_coloring.html Upper arm – anterior view Posterior view Deltoid; pectoralis; biceps Deltoid; triceps Abdomen Abdominus – transverse and rectus Neck – anterior view - Mastoids Calf muscles are called gastrocnemius. Butt muscles are called gluteal muscles – a set of 3 in each pelvic posterior area. Skeletal Muscle Animation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83yNoEJyP6g&feature=related Accessed Dec. 16, 2010 We shall examine the biceps as a typical example of a skeletal muscle. The biceps is a large fleshy organ covered by a sheath of connective tissue. It is a spindle-shaped muscle connected to the scapula by 2 tendons and to the radius by 1 tendon. The biceps is richly supplied with blood vessels, so that every part of the muscle had access to oxygen and food [glucose; muscle glycogen]. Nerves containing sensory and motor neurons enter the muscle along with the blood vessels. The nerves branch many times and reach all parts of the muscle. Motor fibers from the CNS control the tension in the muscles. Sensory neurons carry information from pain and pressure receptors to the CNS. Muscle fibers in the biceps Under a light microscope we see that the biceps are made of thousands of cells called muscle fibers. Each muscle fiber has its cytoplasm called sarcoplasm and cell membrane called sarcolemma. Muscle cells are long and multinucleated. Each cell is supplied with 3 or 4 capillaries. Motor neurons branch repeatedly and can supply up to 150 muscle cells. All the muscle fibers served by the same motor neuron are called a motor unit because they work together, contracting or relaxing at the same time. Each branch of an axon terminates at a plate-like structure called a neuromuscular junction the neuron to muscle synapse. It is the connection between a neuron and a muscle fiber. The neurotransmitter at the synapse is acetylcholine. Slow-twitch and fast-twitch fibers There are two types of muscle fibers – they have different colors [when stained] and they contract at different speeds. The two types are slow-twitch or red fibers and fast-twitch or white fibers. Slow twitch fibers are adapted to function over long periods. They respire anaerobically to avoid the build-up of lactic acids that would quickly fatigue them. They have their own metabolic fuel, muscle glycogen, and can also respire aerobically to metabolize fats stored in the body. They have a rich blood supply and high density of mitochondria to use oxygen efficiently and generate large amounts of ATP. Fast twitch fibers are adapted for short bursts of explosive action. They generate ATP quickly and anaerobically from stores of a high-energy compound, creatine phosphate [CP], and by lactate fermentation. When CP breaks down it releases energy and phosphate ions which can be used to make ATP for up to 10 seconds of activity. CP is regenerated during aerobic respiration. They have comparatively less myoglobin and mitochondria than slow –twitch fibers, they can use lactate fermentation but this makes them fatigue quickly. Most people have roughly equal numbers of slow and fast twitch fibers, but the proportion varies in trained athletes: endurance athletes tend to have more slowtwitch fibers while power athletes tend to have more fast-twitch fibers. Muscle fibers under the electron microscope Examining a single muscle cell/fiber under the electron microscope reveals that it it made up of a bundle of smaller fibers called myofibrils. Skeletal muscles appear striated/striped because of the combination of these myofibrils causing alternate light and dark bands. A myofibril consists of repeating units called sarcomeres. A sarcomere is a region between two dark lines called Z lines. The sarcomere is the functional unit in the action of a muscle fiber. The sarcomere contains two kinds of filaments called the thin filaments and thick filaments. A thin filament is made of a double stranded protein called actin. The thick filaments are made of parallel strands of proteins called myosin. The thin filaments comprise the light bands while the thick filaments form the dark bands. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~sjjgsca/muscleSlidingFilament.html accessed Dec 21, 2010 The Sliding Filament Theory http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWP1u7rRJS8&feature=related Steven L Gourley© accessed December 23, 2010 Fitness and Training THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM THE NERVOUS SYSTEM THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Nutrition Diet – the foods you eat regularly make up your diet Food groups and the new food pyramid: Carbohydrates Grains, nuts, legume Fats and oils Animal fat; plant oils Proteins Meat – red; white. Seafood and dairy products Vitamins and Fruits and vegetables; nuts minerals Eat lots of this Little Moderate Lots fitfinity.net ** Construct a poster size food pyramid of authentic Korean foods [30] Place them correctly in the food pyramid. Add notes the recommended quantities [RDA] per food group in the diet. What are calories and kilocalories? A nutrient is a chemical substance found in foods and used in the human body. Essential nutrients include – essential amino acids; essential fatty acids; minerals; vitamins and water. Amino Acids The body needs 20 different amino acids which its uses to make proteins. 11 of these can be made by the body 9 of them cannot and you get them from the food you eat. They are called essential amino acids. Protein Deficiency Deficiency is the term used to describe a case where a person is not getting enough nutrients and this lack causes health problem[s]. Protein deficiency can lead to under-production of blood plasma proteins. As a result the body retains fluid. This is often seen in the distended bellies of young children in some developing countries Kwashiokor – protein deficiency; marasmus – general malnutrition. Prevention/cure. Keep chickens and feed the children on the eggs. Fatty Acids Saturated fats and unsaturated fats – what’s the fuss about? Elmhurst.edu Saturated fats have no double bonds; they have their max number of hydrogen atoms. The molecule has a straight shape. Animal fats are saturated. Unsaturated fats have double bonds between some carbon atoms; they have less than max number of hydrogen atoms. Plant oils and fish oils Polyunsaturated fatty acids have at least 2 double bonds in the carbon chain. The molecule has a curved shape. Olive oil is an example. http://www.omega3learning.uconn.edu/info/what-are-omega-3-fatty-acids/omega-3-fattyacid-structures/ Accessed Oct 16, 12 Omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fats with 3 carbon bonds starting at the third carbon atom from the omega end of the molecule. Foods rich in omega-3 include fish oils, walnuts and canola oil. Summary Characteristics Shape Origin State at room temp. Saturated fatty acids Straight Animals Solid Unsaturated fatty acids Bent and twisted plants liquid The shape of the molecule is important because inside your body, fatty acids which are curved are more easily picked up by the flowing blood in your arteries. The straight molecules tend to stick to the arteries and can cause a deposit called plaque that can block arteries. If this happens in arteries of the heart, it causes cardiac arrest [heart attack]. If an artery is blocked, no blood can pass through and the cells/tissues relying on that artery to bring food and oxygen will die. NEW & NUTRITIOUS! October 15, 2012 Create a new nutritious food for health teens or for malnourished children in a developing country. Include the following: Recipe – step by step cooking method Fact sheet/promotional brochure Food label Mini video of you making the food Bring fresh samples to be tested/sampled by GSIS classmates. See attached rubric to guide you. SCORING GUIDE Category and score 4-Superb; 3-Good; 2-So so; 1-Poor Originality – student recipe is unique not copied Food facts – Fact sheet is scientifically sound + food label as well Student cookery video: State what ingredients were used in recipe; demonstrate the steps. Presentation – looks good and tastes great. Names of samplers: Tasted and scored by a student ________________ Tasted and scored by a teacher _________________ Final score You will score well if you pay attention to the directions above and meet the categories in the peer-and-teacher scoring guide above. Due date – October 30, 12 Water – why do we need water in the diet? Did you know that thousands of children die daily because of unclean water? Name 5 water-related diseases. The global picture of water and health has a strong local dimension with some 1.1 billion people still lacking access to improved drinking water sources and some 2.4 billion to adequate sanitation. Today we have strong evidence that water-, sanitation and hygiene-related diseases account for some 2,213,000 deaths annually and an annual loss of 82,196,000 Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) (R. Bos, Dec. 2004). http://www.lenntech.com/library/diseases/diseases/waterbornediseases.htm#ixzz293che1uc Read more: Cholera; typhoid fever; dysentery; hepatitis A Prevention is better than cure: Wash your hands; Boil all drinking water Oral rehydration as first aid for diarrhea Disinfectants like chlorine and ozone used to clean water. Activity Tiger book page 228 DBQ on saturated fats and coronary heart disease [CHD]. Plot graph; analyse and evaluate the case for CHD. Bell ringer – list 6 water-related diseases. Discuss 1 in more detail. Minerals and Vitamins Minerals Needs in very small amounts in the diet Not organic – are chemicals in ionic form like Ca2+ is calcium ion Nuts and liver are a good source Vitamins Needs in very small amounts in the diet Organic compounds – for example vitamins C is ascorbic acid Fruits and vegetables Iodine deficiency results in goiter; it can be prevented by using iodized salt. Calcium deficiency results weak bones and teeth. Prevention – eat fish especially small fishes that you can eat whole. Vitamin C is essential for formation of collagen. If deficient the resulting condition is scurvy, characterized by bleeding gums. The cure is eating fruits. Vitamin D is essential for healthy bones. If deficient the resulting condition is rickets, characterized by curved leg bones [femur, tibia and fibula]. Suggest a cure for rickets Dietary fiber Dietary fiber is found in vegetables like cabbage and spinach; it is mainly cellulose which cannot be digested. Fiber increases the bulk of material passing through the intestines and helps to prevent constipation. Research shows that dietary fiber can help reduce the chance for colon cancer and hemorrhoids. Classwork Research colon cancer– what are the causes; symptoms; prevention and control. What are hemorrhoids? Colon cancer http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001308/ Accessed October 22, 2012 OBESITY Reasons for obesity include: Fast foods and junk food Large portion of food Not walking, cycling or other exercise Sedentary lifestyle – computer games; sitting in the office all day. BMI is body mass index. BMI=mass in kilograms/(height in meters)2 Units for BMI are kg m-2 Calculate your BMI and that of your classmates. [Get your stats from the school nurse]. BMI of 18 to 24.9 is normal weight BMI of 25.0 to 29.9 is overweight Below 18 is underweight; 30 and above is obese. Dentition The number, type and arrangement of teeth in a person’s mouth. Children have 20 milk teeth that are later replaced by permanent teeth – total of 32 Incisors Canines Premolars Molars Dental care 8 4 8 12 the last 4 to grow are called wisdom teeth Brush your teeth daily, especially after meals. This will prevent you from getting cavities [holes in the teeth]. Cavities are formed when bacteria feed on left over food stuck between the teeth; they produce acids which make holes in the enamel of the teeth. Why do we use mouthwash? resources.teachnet.ie http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7xKYNz9AS0 Accessed Sep 22, 12 The digestive system is also known as the alimentary canal or the gut. Cells and Tissues of the Digestive System Tissue type Location Function Epithelial Muscles Bones & teeth Blood vessels Lymphatic Nerves Mucosal cells line the inner tube of the gut Smooth muscles along the entire gut Sphincter muscles – cardiac, pyloric, anus Maxilla and mandible; areolar bone forms teeth In the villi of the intestines Lacteals in the villi The central nervous system controls digestion Produce mucus in stomach to protect from HCl. Mechanical digestion by peristalsis – the contraction and relaxation of these muscles pushes food in the gut The upper and lower jaws hold the teeth. Teeth bite and chew food. Bring food and oxygen to the gut. Hepatic portal vein carries all digested food to the liver When to eat and when to stop eating; fear and flight response when the body is in danger. Interactive digestive system: http://www.innerbody.com/image/digeov.html Accessed Sep 22,12 Cells of the digestive system Epithelial cells; mucosal cells; cells that produce digestive enzymes. For example, the cells in the salivary glands produce saliva which helps you to chew and swallow. They also have the enzyme amylase which digests starch. Organs of the digestive system Organ Function [and structure] Mouth lips; oral cavity; teeth; tongue; salivary glands; Upper and lower jaws, pharynx; epiglottis Oesophagus long tube [gullet] peristalsis Stomach cardiac sphincter; chyme; HCl; pyloric sphincter Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice that has digestive enzymes. Produces the hormone insulin Small intestines duodenum; ileum; jejunum; digestive enzymes; villi for absorption of digested food. [Liver] all digested food first goes to the liver the liver is the detoxification center of the body Large intestines ileo-cecal valve; 3 parts of the colon; peristalsis; Reabsorption of water from undigested matter. Rectum temporary store for feces; defacation/egestion Functions of the Digestive System Ingestion Digestion Absorption Defecation lessontutor.com Chemical digestion http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&NR=1&v=qyJx_UVEgQI Accessed October 10, 12 Another video on digestion: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XxvRbxhqoZk&feature=watch-vrec Accessed November 1, 12 What are Enzymes? http://www.vitallywell.net/digestive-enzymes.html Accessed October 11, 12 Enzymes are large proteins made of long chains of amino acids. They have a three dimensional structure. In the enzyme is a pocket-like place into which the substrate fits. This is the active site. A substrate is the substance that fits into a specific enzyme. Food particle are the substrate for digestive enzymes. Enzymes are organic catalysts. A catalyst is a substance that speed up a chemical reaction but it remains unchanged by the reaction. Enzymes are specific in the chemical reactions they catalyze. Ingested food is digested chemically by enzymes. Enzymes are produced by gastric glands in the stomach, intestinal cells and the pancreas. Enzyme – group or name Amylases Lipases Proteases Sucrase Maltase Lactase Substrate Examples or notes Starch in carbs like rice, potatoes, bread Break up fats and oils Break up proteins into amino acids Salivary amylase Pancreatic amylase In small intestines Pepsin in the stomach; trypsin in the small intestines Digests table sugar Into glucose and fructose which are absorbed into blood Digests malt sugar which is a Starch is digested into byproduct of starch maltose which is also digestion digested into glucose Digests milk sugar Some people cannot digest lactose Humans cannot digest cellulose; it makes fiber which helps our bowel movements. Enzyme Basics – animation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFbPHlhI13g Accessed November 13, 12 Digestive System – epiglottitis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9puIKVON-s&feature=related Accessed November 16, 12 Digestion from the inside http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uzl6M1YlU3w Accessed Nov 16,12 Stomach Structure The cardiac part right next to the heart Next to it is the fundus – the ‘swollen’ part Then the body – the middle section of the stomach Pylorus – the funnel end of the stomach that leads to the pyloric sphincter Function of the stomach Temporary holding tank for food. Digestion of proteins starts here. Contraction and relaxation of the stomach muscles mix and churn the food into a fluid called chyme. This makes it easier for digestion in the next stage. Digestion in the stomach Gastric juice has hydrochloric acid that makes the pH in the stomach very acidic. The acid activates pepsinogen into pepsin. Pepsin breaks down proteins into smaller compounds. Babies produce the enzyme rennin that digests milk proteins. Stomach ulcer video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SWMWsOXlBwE&feature=related Accessed Nov 16, 12 A comparison of the small and large intestines Small intestines The place for chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients [from digested food] Three parts – duodenum; jejunum and ileum The duodenum connects to the stomach Very long with a narrower diameter The intestine wall has 2 layers of muscles Have villi and micro-villi for absorption of digested food All digested food first goes to the liver Large intestines The place for absorption of water; some vitamin K synthesis by good bacteria Many parts – appendix; cecum; colon, rectum and anal canal The ileo-cecal valve connects the small intestines to the colon Shorter and wider than small intestines The wall of the colon has three muscle layers Has pocket-like structures to increase surface area for water absorption All undigested food material goes to via the hepatic portal vein the rectum where feces is stored temporarily. Pancreas Located behind the stomach and attached to the posterior by the omentum. The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice that contains enzymes to digest the macronutrients. It is alkaline ad neutralizes acid chime from the stomach as it enters the duodenum. The pancreas also secretes 2 hormones, insulin and glucagon which together regulate the level of glucose in the blood. Liver The cells of the liver are called hepatocytes legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu liver lobules have a hexagonal shape. In the center is the central vein. Figure 16 shows a very large portal area with many profiles lying among four liver lobules. A central vein can be seen in the lobule at the right. The magnification is the same as in the previous image. ********* Disorders of the alimentary canal - Research Acid reflux Upset stomach/Bowel constriction/hernia Gastrointestinal infections Stomach ulcers Colon cancer Hemorrhoids Good resource: http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-pancreas Accessed November 21, 12 HOMEOSTATSIS Maintaining a balance or staying as close to the normal limits for several variables: Blood pH Carbon dioxide concentration Blood glucose levels Body temperature Water balance The normal set point for body temperature is 370C The hypothalamus in the brain has a temperature regulation center that receives messages from thermoreceptors in your skin. When body temp rises above normal Cooling mechanism Sweat produced by sweat glands evaporates and results in cooling Arterioles in the dermis widen [vasodilation]; more blood flows and body heat radiates from the blood No shivering If body temp drops below the norm Warming mechanism Little or no sweat The reverse – vasoconstriction of arterioles; blood stays in inner parts of the body retaining body heat. Shivering – muscles contract rapidly generating heat Behavioral – wear warm clothing Virtual lab & Video http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire8e/content/cat_010/40040.html Accessed November 27, 12 VIDEO: Explains homeostasis for students learning the topic for the first time http://www.learnerstv.com/animation/animation.php?ani=241&cat=Biology GIZMO: As external temperature and internal water and blood sugar levels change, adjust factors to maintain internal stability. http://www.explorelearning.com/index.cfm?method=cResource.dspDetail&Resourc eID=519 Source: Mcfarlane and Garfalo bohone09.wikispaces.com Some liver cells produce bile that is stored in the gall bladder. Bile is not an enzyme but it helps digestion of fats by emulsifying them into small droplets for lipases to digest. All digested food/nutrients first go to the live via the hepatic portal vein. The liver stores glucose in the form of glycogen. This reserve is used when you are very hungry. The liver receives hormonal messages from glucagon and insulin to increase or decrease blood glucose respectively. The liver is the chief detoxification center in the body. The liver holds much blood; it stores blood protein, albumin. It processes cholesterol needed by the cells as a component of the cell membranes. The liver breaks down old and damaged red blood cells. Animations: The 4 types of chemical reactions: Animation: The four types of chemical reactions http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13004 Energy conversion and conservation http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/anim_rhino.html Gastic secretion http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter43/animations.html# Virtual fetal pig dissection: http://www.whitman.edu/content/virtualpig Accessed November 27,12 Record of Lab Investigations – Anatomy & Physiology Date August 23, 2012 Sept 3, 13 Sept 3, 12 Activity Microscopy – examine prepared slides of epithelial and connective tissue NAIL IT. Make a poster-sized fact sheet on the structure and function of nails; nail care; nail conditions or disorders Poster – make a fact sheet on nails; Devise a virtual skin cream/shampoo – all components must be natural; discuss the pros and cons of cosmetics. Oct 25, 12 BMI activity – calculate your BMI Oct 10, 12 Oct 15, 12 Project – Food pyramid of Korean foods Project – New and nutritious food. Sheet project sheet for details. Present on October 30,12 Food tests – test for the presence of starch, protein and reducing sugars in given samples Virtual fetal pig dissection http://www.whitman.edu/content/virtualpig Nov 3, 12 Nov 28, 12 Appraisal Sep10. 12 Due Sept 7, 12 October 30, 12