Warm-Up
• 1/4/15: SWBAT use the scientific process to
inquire about the surface features of the earth.
• Have you ever wondered why there are
mountains, valleys, tsunamis, earthquakes,
volcanoes, and other features of the Earth’s
surface?
• Why might we want to study these things? Write
your ideas down in your journal.
• Take out your summary of what I taught you
about science from December, if you were not
here, check the website, the extended due date is
Friday.
“New” Policies/Procedures
1. Pens/Typed & Printed for all assessments(tests,
word bank summaries, discussion papers, etc.)
2. Underline words in summaries
3. Use formal citations for blogs
4. Turn your work in on time, or you will receive a
late penalty
5. Come prepared – you will need to have your ID
to check out supplies (a pencil, pen, etc.)
You will be tested on this information tomorrow.
New Helpers
• Let’s assign new classroom helpers.
What are some plausible ideas for why
these different types of events occur?
Testable, Falsifiable Hypotheses:
Let’s look at some data.
Each group gets a map.
What do you notice?
How do you think this relates to the features of
Earth’s surface?
Cool-down
Write a scientific explanation based on evidence
that surface features of the Earth are related
to the movement of “tectonic plates.”
Warm-UP
• 1/5/16: SWBAT describe how tectonic plates are
related to the Earth’s surface features.
• Yesterday we explored the idea of plate
tectonics. Today you will be taking notes.
• For today’s warm-up, please record the learning
goal for the unit into your composition book.
• Then, brainstorm topics for your blog post. It
must go above and beyond what we are learning
about.
Policies and Procedures Quiz
• We talked about five new policies/procedures
that we have I this class yesterday.
• Please list those five policies/procedures on a
loose-leaf sheet of paper, you are turning this
in for credit.
Tectonic Plates
• Tectonic comes from the Greek word tekton,
meaning carpenter, or builder.
• tectonic plate(noun) the two sub-layers of the
earth's crust (lithosphere) that move, float,
and sometimes fracture and whose
interaction causes continental drift,
earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, and
oceanic trenches.
Alfred Wegener (1912)
The Structure of the Earth and Plate
Tectonics
Quiz Corrections
You will have five minutes to change your quiz.
You may use your notes, but not your
neighbor. If you talk you will hand in your quiz.
Structure of the Earth
• The Earth is made
up of 3 main
layers:
– Core
– Mantle
– Crust
Crust
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core
The Crust
• This is where we live!
• The Earth’s crust is made of:
Continental Crust
Oceanic Crust
- thick (10-70km)
- buoyant (less dense
than oceanic crust)
- mostly old
- thin (~7 km)
- dense (sinks under
continental crust)
- young
How do we know what the Earth is
made of?
• Geophysical surveys: seismic, gravity, magnetics,
electrical, geodesy
– Acquisition: land, air, sea and satellite
– Geological surveys: fieldwork, boreholes, mines
• If you look at a map of the world, you may notice that some of the
continents could fit together like pieces of a puzzle.
Plate Tectonics
• The Earth’s crust is divided into 12 major plates
which are moved in various directions.
• This plate motion causes them to collide, pull
apart, or scrape against each other.
• Each type of interaction causes a characteristic set
of Earth structures or “tectonic” features.
• The word, tectonic, refers to the deformation of
the crust as a consequence of plate interaction.
World Plates
What are tectonic plates made of?
• Plates are made
of rigid
lithosphere.
The lithosphere
is made up of
the crust and
the upper part
of the mantle.
What lies beneath the tectonic plates?
• Below the
lithosphere
(which makes up
the tectonic
plates) is the
asthenosphere.
Plate Movement
• “Plates” of lithosphere are moved around by the
underlying hot mantle convection cells
Warm-UP
1/6/16: SWBAT describe the different types of
plate boundaries.
Draw the Earth with all of the different layers
labeled.
Three types of plate boundary
• Divergent
• Convergent
• Transform
Divergent Boundaries
• Spreading ridges
– As plates move apart new material is erupted to fill
the gap
Age of Oceanic Crust
Courtesy of www.ngdc.noaa.gov
Iceland: An example of continental rifting
• Iceland has a divergent plate
boundary running through its
middle
Convergent Boundaries
• There are three styles of convergent plate
boundaries
– Continent-continent collision
– Continent-oceanic crust collision
– Ocean-ocean collision
Warm-Up
• 1/7/16: SWBAT describe the different types of
plate boundaries.
• Tell me about one random act of kindness that
you saw someone else do.
Continent-Continent Collision
• Forms mountains, e.g. European Alps, Himalayas
Himalayas
Continent-Oceanic Crust Collision
• Called SUBDUCTION
Subduction
• Oceanic lithosphere subducts
underneath the continental
lithosphere
• Oceanic lithosphere heats and
dehydrates as it subsides
• The melt rises forming
volcanism
• E.g. The Andes
Ocean-Ocean Plate Collision
• When two oceanic plates collide, one runs over the
other which causes it to sink into the mantle forming
a subduction zone.
• The subducting plate is bent downward to form a
very deep depression in the ocean floor called a
trench.
• The worlds deepest parts of the ocean are found
along trenches.
– E.g. The Mariana Trench is 11 km deep!
Transform Boundaries
• Where plates slide past each other
Above: View of the San Andreas
transform fault
Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics…
…what’s the connection?
Pacific Ring of Fire
Volcanism is
mostly focused at
plate margins
Volcanoes are formed by:
- Subduction - Rifting - Hotspots
Pacific Ring of Fire
Hotspot
volcanoes
What are Hotspot Volcanoes?
• Hot mantle plumes breaching the surface in
the middle of a tectonic plate
The Hawaiian island chain are examples
of hotspot volcanoes.
Photo: Tom Pfeiffer / www.volcanodiscovery.com
The tectonic plate moves over a
fixed hotspot forming a chain of
volcanoes.
The volcanoes get younger from one end to the other.
Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics…
…what’s the connection?
• As with volcanoes, earthquakes are not
randomly distributed over the globe
Figure showing the
distribution of
earthquakes
around the globe
• At the boundaries between plates, friction
causes them to stick together. When built up
energy causes them to break, earthquakes occur.
Where do earthquakes form?
Figure showing the tectonic setting of earthquakes
Tectonic Plates move about 2 to 5 centimeters per
year, about the same speed that your fingernails
grow. We know, then, that the outermost part of
Earth consists of a series of large slabs (tectonic
plates; lithospheric plates) that move slowly over
the globe, powered by flow in the interior mantle.
Practical Exercise 2
Where will the USA be in:
1,000 years?
1,000,000 years?
1,000,000,000 years?
Plate Tectonics Summary
• The Earth is made up of 3 main layers (core,
mantle, crust)
• On the surface of the Earth are tectonic plates
that slowly move around the globe
• Plates are made of crust and upper mantle
(lithosphere)
• There are 2 types of plate
• There are 3 types of plate boundaries
• Volcanoes and Earthquakes are closely linked to
the margins of the tectonic plates
Cool-down
Think/Pair/Share
1. What did you learn today?
2. What questions do you have?
Summarize what you have learned today in your
composition book. (you will use this to start
your word bank summary)
Warm-Up
1/8/16: SWBAT summarize what they
have learned about Earth Science.
Any questions?
Video Resources
• 10 of the most amazing, beautiful features of
Earth’s surface. (Watch this one with your
family)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7AFRg7
-hrA
• Bill Nye Earth Science Video
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0KNqUw
gqbZw&list=PLFg3sIcKgMg_rrwoHMkFPvIYkhF
kkyCfE
Cool-Down: Write your word bank and elevator
summary. These are due next Wednesday, please
change the date on your assessment checklist.
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Plate tectonics
12
Continental drift
Collision
Volcanoes
Earthquakes
Hotspots
Pacific ring of fire
Mantle
Crust
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Outer core
Inner core
Continental
Oceanic
Lithosphere
Convergent
Divergent
Transform
Boundaries
Subduction
Trench
Warm-Up
1/11/16: SWBAT Construct an explanation
based on evidence for how earthquakes,
volcanoes, meteor impacts, surface
weathering, and deposition by movement of
water, ice and wind have changed Earth’s
surface.
Trade your word bank and/or elevator summary
with a partner and edit each others summary.
Check that they used and underlined all 21
words – going beyond definitions.
Video Links
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Forces of Erosion Water Ice Plants and Wind
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbnXz7M6ofs
bill nye erosion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-ULcVdeqgE
Undersea Volcano Eruptions Caught On Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmMlspNoZMs
Introduction to Volcanoes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Be7o6BYVOzA
Earthquakes 101
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VSgB1IWr6O4
Tsunami 101
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJBS94GVyuo
Hurricanes 101
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zP4rgvu4xDE
Top 10 Meteor Strikes in History
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sUnDwn0fN3g
Earth's Surface - Forces of Erosion and Deposition
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kO6v3PS4Cbg
Warm-Up
1/12/16: SWBAT correct common
misconceptions about geological processes.
Trade your word bank and/or elevator summary
with a partner and edit each others summary.
Check that they used and underlined all 21
words – going beyond definitions.
Misconception #1
• Crust and Lithosphere (or plates) are
synonymous terms
Misconception #2
• Earth's core is hollow, or that large hollow
spaces occur deep within Earth (a relict of
older cosmology and a mainstay of popular
literature and Hollywood movies)
Misconception #3
• Only continents move
Misconception #4
• Most crust motions (especially those
associated with processes of mountain
building or deep sea trench formation) are
due to vertical motions, not lateral (terms like
'mountain uplift' and earth science textbook
terminology, as well as relict idea from old
cosmologies).
Misconception #5
• The edge of a continent is the same thing as a
plate boundary. OR
• A plate boundary type is the same thing as a
plate. For example, a plate has to be divergent
or convergent.
Misconception #6
• The Earth is getting smaller as plates subduct,
becoming part of the mantle. OR
• The Earth is getting larger because volcanoes
create new seafloor.
Misconception #7
• Earthquakes are rare events (media coverage
of earthquakes is limited and biased to U.S.
area or high death tolls)
Misconception #8
• The ground cracks opens during an
earthquake to swallow people and buildings
(common to Hollywood movies and popular
literature like 'Clan of the Cave Bear' and
Shogun', but also dates to early reports of
Lisbon earthquake and confusion over
landslides, etc.).
Cool-down
• What was the most surprising misconception?
• What did you learn?
Warm-Up
1/14/16: SWBAT correct their test on earth
science.
Please write down what you did to study for this
test. Then, tell me what impact you think that
had on your test score.
Cool-down
When will you schedule time to do study island
to ensure that it happens each week.
We will usually take test on Wednesdays.
Warm-Up
1/19/16: SWBAT grade their own blog post.
SWBAT present on Thursday.
Take out your assessment checklist. Read the
description for the presentation.
Mini Presentation
• You may work with one partner or by yourself.
• Before and After Visual
• Depicting a geological process that changed
earth’s surface.
Who/What/Where/When/How
• Explain how Earth’s surface was changed.
• Due Thursday
• Presentations must be under 2 minutes.
Cool-down
Find a partner, or choose to work alone.
Start planning your mini presentation.
Warm-Up
1/20/16: SWBAT have an informed discussion
about natural disasters.
Did you do the homework? Meaning, did you
read the article about the cost of being prepared
for a natural disasters?
Warm-Up
1/21/16: SWBAT have an informed discussion
about natural disasters.
1. What types of natural disasters do we have
to prepare for?
2. What types of “preparation” do we already
have?
3. What are the upsides and downsides of
preparing for natural disasters.
Warm-Up
1/22/16: SWBAT tell the class about a specific
natural disaster and show how it changed
Earth’s surface.
A special announcement….