Chapter 35 – Plant Structure, Growth, and Development
1. List and describe the three basic plant organs:
 Roots
 Stems
 Leaves
2. List and describe the three basic types of plant tissues:
 Dermal Tissue – single layer of tightly packed cells; cuticle prevents water loss
 Vascular Tissue – xylem and phloem; transports nutrients and provides support
 Ground Tissue – comprised of parenchyma cells; b/w dermal and vascular tissue, used
for storage, support, and photosynthesis
3. List and describe the three basic types of plant cells:
 Parenchyma Cells – found everywhere, unspecialized, no 2nd cell wall, does most
metabolic activity (photosynthesis), important in repair and replacement
 Collenchyma Cells – supports young plants, no 2nd cell wall, able to elongate
 Sclerenchyma Cells – have 2nd cell wall, have lignin, dead cells
4. List and describe the two types of cells found in the xylem. Are they dead or alive at
maturity? What are the pits between the cells?
 Tracheids – all vascular plants
 Vessel Elements – only in angiosperms
 Both dead at maturity, only cell wall remains
 Pits between them are plasmodesmata (channels between plant cells)
5. List and describe the two types of cells found in the phloem. Are they dead or alive at
maturity?
 Sieve-Tube Elements – lose organelles
 Companion Cells – have nucleus, control activity of sieve-tube elements
6. Most plants exhibit INDETERMINATE growth, continuing to grow as long as they live.
Plant organs such as leaves and flowers, as well as animals, have DETERMINATE growth
and stop growing after reaching a certain size. Plants may be ANNUALS, which complete
their life cycle in a year or less; BIENNIALS, which have a life cycle spanning two years; or
PERENNIALS, which live many years.
7. List and describe the two types of meristems found in vascular plants.
 Apical meristems – responsible for primary growth
 Lateral meristems – responsible for secondary growth
a. Vascular cambium – produces new xylem and phloem; primary (oldest)
secondary (newest)
b. Cork cambium – produces cork which replaces the epidermis
8. What are the three types of meristematic tissues and what do they become?
 Protoderm – becomes dermal tissue
 Precambium – becomes vascular tissue
 Ground Meristem – becomes ground tissue
9. What is the difference between primary and secondary growth?
 Primary Growth – lengthens stems and roots (apical meristem)
 Secondary Growth – growth in thickness (lateral meristem)
10. List and describe the three zones of primary growth found in the root:
 Zone of Cell Division – mitosis; found in apical meristem; tip of root
 Zone of Elongation – lengthens root (10X), middle of root
 Zone of Differentiation – functionally mature and specialized; top of root
11. What is the tissue organization of monocot and dicot roots?
12. What is the tissue organization of monocot and dicot stems?
Chapter 36: Resource Acquisition & Transport in Vascular Plants
1. True or False: Most of the water that enters a plant is used for photosynthesis.
 False
2. Where does gas exchange occur in the plant?
 Roots – O2 enters and CO2 exits
 Leaves – O2 exits and CO2 enters
3. What is the difference between passive and active transport?
 Passive – no energy input
 Active – requires energy (ATP)
4. How do proton pumps provide energy for solute transport?
 Proton pump – generates membrane potential by pumping H+ out of the cell
 Cation uptake – ex. Potassium ion (K+) enter cell through transport protein
 Cotransport - of an anion with H+ or a neutral solute, such as sucrose
5. Plants cells want to be _________ to the surrounding environment.
 Hypertonic
6. What are the three main compartments of plant cells?
 Cell Wall – not selective
 Plasma Membrane – selective
 Central Vacuole – selective
8. Endodermal cells are coated with what substance and why?
 Casparian Strip – waxy substance
 Water and minerals must travel through plasma membrane (selective)
9. What is the Transpiration-Cohesion-Tension Mechanism and how does it affect movement
through the xylem?
 Water moves into roots through root hairs via osmosis
 Water moves into xylem and travels upwards via cohesion and adhesion
 Follows concentration gradient and exits leaves via transpiration
10. Does this mechanism require any energy from plants?
 No, the Sun provides energy through evaporation.
11. What is the role of Guard Cells in transpiration? What role does potassium play?
 Guard Cells – control the diameter of each stomata by changing shape
- More water: stomata open
- Lack water: stomata close
 Stomata open when guard cells actively accumulate K+
12. Bulk transport in the phloem: The bulk movement of sugars in the phloem is called
TRANSLOCATION. First, the sugar is loaded into the sieve tube elements at the sugar
SOURCE, a processes requiring ACTIVE TRANSPORT by means of proton pumps and
cotransporters. Once the sugar is loaded into the sieve tube elements, the water potential there is
reduced, causing the tube to take up water by OSMOSIS from the xylem. This uptake of water
generates a POSITIVE pressure that forces the phloem sap to flow along the tube. The pressure
is relieved by the unloading of sugar and the consequent loss of water (back to the xylem) at the
sugar SINK. The xylem recycles the water from sugar SINK to sugar SOURCE.