The Nervous System
• This section covers:
– The organization of the nervous system
– The functions of the peripheral nervous system
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
The Organization of the Nervous System
The Nervous System
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
The Spinal Cord
The Nervous System
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The Spinal Nerves and Reflexes
The Nervous System
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
The Somatic Nervous System and the Cranial
Nerves
The Nervous System
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
The Autonomic Nervous System and
Homeostasis
The Nervous System
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
Neurons and Neurotransmission
 This section covers:
 The structures
and functions of
neurons
 How neurons
communicate
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
The Structure and Function of Neurons
• Neurons process and transmit information
– Two types of branches extend from the cell
body: axons and dendrites
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
Glial Cells and the Blood-Brain Barrier
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
Glia Form Myelin
• The myelin sheath insulates axons and
speeds electrical transmission along axons
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
Axons Transmit Information
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
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Dendrites Receive Information
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
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Neural Communication: A Two-Step Process
• Electrical signaling: action potential
• Chemical signaling: neurotransmitters
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
Generating an Action Potential
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
Electrical Signaling: Propagating an Action
Potential
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
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Chemical Signaling: Releasing
Neurotransmitters
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
Communicating Through the Synapse
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
SECTION:
The Brain
• This section covers:
– The structures and functions of the brain
– Methods for studying the brain
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
The Organization of the Central Nervous System
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
The Ventricles of the Brain
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
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The Structures of the Brainstem
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
Subcortical Structures and Their Functions:
Thalamus – Basal Ganglia – Amygdala
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
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Subcortical Structures and Their Functions:
Hypothalamus – Hippocampus
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
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The Cerebral Hemispheres and the Corpus
Callosum
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
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Hemispheric Specialization
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
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The Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
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Sensory and Motor Functions in the Cerebral
Cortex
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
Studying the Brain
Technology
Procedure
What Questions Can We
Answer?
electroencephalogram
(EEG)
electrodes (to track
electrical activity)
What is a person’s state of
arousal?
positron emission
tomography (PET)
radioactively tagged
glucose or oxygen (to
track chemical activity)
What parts of the brain
are active during a
particular task?
functional magnetic
resonance imaging
(fMRI)
magnets (to track the
flow of oxygen)
What parts of the brain
are active during a
particular task?
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
Brain Imaging
MRI
PET
Can you identify any of these brain regions?
The Structures and Functions of the Brain
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
The Endocrine System
• This section covers:
– The endocrine glands
– The functions of hormones
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
The Endocrine Glands
The Endocrine System
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
The Pituitary Gland
The Endocrine System
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
Endorphins and Other Important Hormones
Hormone
Function
Endorphins
Endogenous morphines that modify our natural
response to pain; act as neuromodulators
Melatonin
Released by the pineal gland in response to daily
cycles of light and dark
Epinephrine
Adrenal hormone that tends to arouse the body;
associated with fear
Norepinephrine
Neurotransmitter and adrenal hormone that tends
to arouse the body; associated with anger
Thyroid hormones
Help regulate metabolism rate
The Endocrine System
© 2016 Cengage Learning.