Chapter 12
The Age of Religious Wars
Renewed Religious Struggle
1.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The Peace of Augsburg recognized that:
the religion of the land was determined by the Holy Roman Emperor.
the ruler of a land would determine the religion of the land.
Calvinists were to be tolerated throughout Europe.
Protestants everywhere must restore Catholic beliefs and practices.
all Christian denominations would be tolerated in Europe.
2.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The most successful politique was:
Oliver Cromwell.
Philip II of Spain.
Elizabeth I of England.
Mary I of England.
Francis I of France.
3.
During the first half of the 16th century, religious conflict had been confined to central Europe and was
primarily a struggle between Lutherans and _________ to secure rights and freedoms for themselves.
4.
The ______________ sponsored a centralized episcopal church system hierarchically arranged from pope to
parish priest and stressing unquestioning obedience to the person at the top.
5.
Rulers who tended to subordinate theological doctrine to political unity, urging tolerance, moderation, and
compromise–even indifference–in religious matters were known as _____________.
The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)
6.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
What sparked the first wave of Protestant persecution in France?
Protestants plastering Paris and other cities with anti-Catholic placards
The capture of the French king Francis I at the Battle of Pavia
The passing of the Edict of Fontainebleau
The passing of the Edict of Chateaubriand under Henry II
The execution of a Catholic priest by Protestant officials
7.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Who were the three powerful families that sought the French monarchy after the death of king Henry II?
The Bourbons, Racheals, and Orleans.
The Burgundians, the Montmorency-Chatillons, and the Franks.
The Burgundians, the Ostrogoths, and the Guises.
The Bourbons, the Lombards, and the Franks.
The Bourbons, the Montmorency-Chatillons, and the Guises.
8.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Huguenots made up about:
two-thirds of the French population.
one percent of the French population.
half of the French population.
a quarter of the French population.
one-fifteenth of the French population.
9.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
What event starkly marked the beginning of the French wars of religion?
The death of Francis II.
The issuing of the January Edict.
The leak, to the Catholics, of a kidnapping plot to take Francis II from his Guise advisors.
The duke of Guise surprising a Protestant congregation in Champagne and massacring many worshipers.
The crowning of Francis II as king of France.
10.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Which of the following is NOT true of the immediate aftermath of the Peace of Saint Germain-en-Laye?
The crown acknowledged the power of the Protestant nobility.
The crown granted the Huguenots religious freedoms within their territories.
The crown granted the Huguenots the right to fortify their cities.
The Bourbon faction gained power.
Catherine de Medicis was sent into exile.
11.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
King Henry IV stunned France, Spain, and the Pope by:
publicly abandoning the Protestant faith and embracing Catholicism.
publicly abandoning the Catholic faith and embracing Protestantism.
declaring France Protestant, but hoping it to remain politically weak.
declaring France Catholic, but hoping it would remain politically weak.
executing two hundred militant Protestants.
12.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The Edict of Nantes was criticized for:
revoking the rights of the Huguenots.
creating a state within a state.
turning a long cold war into a long hot war.
removing Catholicism as the official religion of France.
undermining the role of the laity in the French church.
13. French Protestants were known as ____________ and were under surveillance in France in the early 1520s.
14. Many French aristocrats found ______________ religious convictions useful to their political goals.
15. Examine the excerpt “Theodore Beza Defends the Right to Resist Tyranny.” According to Theodore Beza,
what obligations do rulers have to their subjects? What rights do subjects have to resist rulers who fail to meet
the conditions of their office? Do you agree with Beza’s remarks? Why? In what other circumstances is
resistance, on both sides, justified?
16. Discuss the impact of the Edict of Nantes. Was it a definitive peace or merely a truce? What do you think were
the motives of Henry IV in issuing the Edict of Nantes? Do you think the Edict of Nantes was beneficial to
France as a whole? Why or why not?
Imperial Spain and Philip II (R. 1556–1598)
17.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Hostilities between Spain and England reached a climax in 1588 when:
Henry III was assassinated.
Henry IV was assassinated.
the Edict of Nantes was signed.
the Spanish Armada was sent to invade England.
the English invaded the Netherlands.
18. The Austrian branch of Philip II’s family retained possession of the imperial title and the eastern Habsburg
lands until:
A. 1610.
B. 1789.
C. 1804.
D. 1918.
E. 1870.
19.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes Philip II’s financial position at the end of his life?
A growing middle class gave Philip a healthy growing economy.
He was flush with New World wealth.
He was broke.
Spain had overtaken England as the world’s wealthiest nation.
Philip’s wealth ensured the longevity of the Fugger dynasty for decades after Philip’s death.
20.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Which of the following adjectives most accurately describes Philip II?
Withdrawn
Spontaneous
Unschooled
Naïve
Agnostic
21.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
During the first half of his reign, Philip II focused on:
events in Germany.
the Netherlands.
social issues.
the growth of English power.
the Mediterranean and the Turkish threat.
22.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
What did the Perpetual Edict of 1577 do?
Ended hostilities between France and Spain
Joined the northern provinces of the Netherlands against Spain
Provided for the removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands within 20 days
It was a secret treaty by Philip II with the Guises that sent armies under Alexander Farnese into France in 1590
Cement the relationship between Spain and the papacy
23. The new _____________ wealth brought dramatic social change to the peoples of Europe during the second
half of the 16th century.
24. The resistance of the ____________, especially, proved the undoing of Spanish dreams of World Empire.
25. The national covenant, led by Louis of Nassau, called the ___________, is a solemn pledge to resist the decrees
of Trent and the Inquisition.
26. On July 22, 1581 the member provinces of the Union of Utrecht met in The Hague and formally declared
__________ no longer their ruler.
England and Spain (1553–1603)
27.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Despite his wishes, who was deposed after only a few days on the throne as Edward VI’s successor in England?
Lady Jane Grey
Mary Tudor
Elizabeth
Mary Queen of Scots
James VI of Scotland
28. Passed by Queen Elizabeth I, this was a revision of Thomas Cranmer’s works that made moderate Protestantism
the official religion within the Church of England:
A. Act of Uniformity
B. Thirty-Nine Articles
C. Treaty of Joinville
D. Union of Utrecht
E. Book of Common Prayer
29.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Which of the following did NOT contribute to the outbreak of war between England and Spain?
England signed a mutual defense pact with France.
England’s famous seamen began to prey on Spanish shipping.
England signed a treaty committing soldiers to the Netherlands.
England assembled a large land army that rivaled that of Spain.
Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth I of England.
30.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Which of the following events immediately triggered Pope Sixtus V to give public support to Spain?
A plot by Spanish ambassador Bernardino de Mendoza
The Treaty of Edinburgh
The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots
The Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Elizabeth I authorized English sailors to prey on Spanish shipping
31.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
What significant event weakened the Spanish dominance in Europe, from which Spain never fully recovered?
The assassination of Henry IV
The defeat of the Spanish Armada
The assassination of Henry III
The Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
The English conquest of New Spain
32.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Following the weakening of Spain, which nation dominated Europe in the early 17th century?
France
England
Germany
Italy
the Netherlands
33. These more extreme English Puritans, known as ____________, wanted every congregation to be autonomous,
a law unto itself, with neither episcopal nor presbyterian control.
34. After the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, ____________ was the only protector of Protestants in France
and the Netherlands.
35. Refer to the excerpt “Going to the Theater.” What were the basic elements and purpose of the medieval stage,
and what was carried over from it to the Elizabethan theater? How did these new theaters change the social
habits of their guests? Give an instance of a modification, in your lifetime, of an invention that has
revolutionized an aspect of your life. Explain.
36. What were Elizabeth I’s reasons for ordering the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots. Do you think Elizabeth I
had any other options in the matter? Why or why not?
The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648)
37.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
16th-century Germany was:
unified under a centralized government.
unified through the Peace of Augsburg (1555).
ruled by separate entities with their own tariffs, tolls, and money.
more powerful than France and England combined.
divided into three large kingdoms.
38.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Bavaria was a major center of:
Calvinist power.
Lutheran power.
textile production.
Anabaptist agitation.
Catholic power.
39.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The Thirty Years’ War broke out first in:
Saxony.
Bavaria.
Württemberg.
the Swiss Confederation.
Bohemia.
40. Due to its central location, this nation had always been Europe’s highway for merchants and traders going
north, south, east and west:
A. Switzerland
B. Germany
C. Austria
D. France
E. Poland
41. The term “ecclesiastical reservation” refers to:
A. the attempt to freeze the religious offices and territorial holdings of Catholics who had gone over to
Protestantism.
B. the right of Catholics to secure the right to worship in Lutheran lands.
C. the right of Lutherans to secure the right to worship in Catholic lands.
D. the attempt to put all Protestants in land reservations, similar to those of the Native Americans in North
America, in order to prevent their dominance from spreading.
E. the right of the papacy to review ecclesiastical appointments.
42.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
In the 1560s, Heidelberg was an intellectual center for:
German Catholicism.
the Scientific Revolution.
German Calvinism.
German Lutheranism.
advances in industry and economics.
43. By 1609, Palatine Calvinists headed a Protestant defensive alliance against Spain with the assistance of these
nations:
A. England, France, and Germany
B. Belgium, France, and Germany
C. Denmark, France, and the Netherlands
D. England, France, and the Netherlands
E. Poland, Switzerland, and France
44.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Which analogy is most accurate?
Bavaria is to the Counter-Reformation as the Palatinate is to Protestantism.
Belgium is to Catholic as England is to Calvinist.
Italy is to Counter-Reformation as Germany is to Anglican.
France is to Catholic as Prussia is to Calvinist.
Bohemia is to industry as Moravia is to agriculture.
45.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The Thirty Years’ War began as a/an:
peasant uprising.
trade war between Bohemia and Saxony.
outgrowth of German interference in the Netherlands.
border dispute between Bavaria and Austria.
revolt of Protestant nobility against an unpopular king.
46.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
One of the first actions Ferdinand took as king of Bohemia was to:
declare the Lutheran religion as the only legal religion in Bohemia.
warn the Jesuits to leave or be exiled or sentenced to death.
ban the practice of Catholicism in Protestant Bohemia.
revoke the religious freedoms of the Bohemian Protestants.
renounce his own Catholicism.
47.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
By 1600, the population of the Holy Roman Empire:
was about equally divided between Catholics and Protestants.
was about 30 percent larger than it had been in 1570.
was about 70 percent Catholic.
was about 80 percent Protestant.
was the wealthiest in Europe on a per capita basis.
48. It was during this period of fighting that Ferdinand issued the Edict of Restitution and struck panic in the hearts
of Protestants:
A. in Bohemia.
B. everywhere.
C. in Sweden.
D. in France.
E. in the Palatinate.
49.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The battle at Breitenfeld in 1630 marked a turning point in the Thirty Years’ War. Who won that battle?
the Spanish
the French
the Dutch
the Swedish
the Poles
50.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
This treaty brought the Swedish period of the war to and end:
Treaty of Loges
Treaty of Geneva
Peace of Leipzig
Union of Cologne
Peace of Prague
51. In the second half of the 16th century, Germany was an almost ungovernable land of about 360
______________ political entities.
52. During the course of the Thirty Years’ War, the war went through ____________ distinguishable periods.
53. By 1622, _____________ had not only subdued and re-Catholicized Bohemia, but conquered the Palatinate as well.
54. The Thirty Years’ War had killed an estimated _________ of the German population and has been called the
worst European catastrophe since the Black Death.