10-22 Learning Target
• I can describe how the Persian Wars caused the
Peloponnesian Wars and describe each war.
Athens
Sparta
Population / Location
Government
Social Structure
Allies/Military
Lifestyle/Values
Education
Role of Women
Cultural Achievement
Food
Population
Athens
By 432 B.C. largest citystate
• 150,000 Athenians
• 50,000 non-citizens and
100,000 slaves
Sparta
• 8,000 adult males
• Over 100,000 slaves
and semi-enslaved
people
Government
Athens
• Direct democracy
• Elected officials
including 10 generals,
magistrates
• Council of 500:
administer decision
made by Assembly
• Assembly: all male
citizens; passed laws
• Trial by jury
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sparta
Oligarchy: rule by few
Combination of different forms
of gov.
Two kings: led army
5 Overseers: ran day-to-day
operations of Sparta; had veto
power
Senate: 28 men over 60;
elected for life; acted as
judges; proposed legislation
Assembly: all Spartan males
Social Structure
Athens
• Freemen: all male citizens
• Upper: Aristocrats
• Land owners
• Naval captains and military
leaders
•
•
•
•
Middle: small farmers
Lower: craftsman
Metics: foreigners
Slaves: treated less harshly
than other Greek city-states
Sparta
• Spartiates: Land owning
military professionals
• Perioeci: foreigners who were
craftsman, artisans
• Helots: serfs (farmers) who
worked on the Spartiates land
• Gave 1/2 of all their produce to
Spartiates / military
Social structure
• ATHENS
• FREEMEN
• ARISTOCRATS
• SMALL FARMERS
• URBAN CRAFTSMEN &
TRIREME ROWERS
• METICS – CAME FROM
OUTSIDE ATHENS; NOT
ALLOWED TO OWN LAND
• SLAVES – LOWEST
CLASS, NO RIGHTS,
PROPERTY OF MASTERS
• SPARTA
• SPARTIATES – MILITARY
PROFESSIONALS/
CITIZENS
• OUTSIDERS – FREEMEN;
ARTISANS, CRAFTSMEN,
MERCHANTS
• HELOTS – CONQUERED
PEOPLES; TREATED LIKE
SLAVES; OWED 50% OF
PRODUCE TO
SPARTIATES
Allies/Military
Athens
• Delian League: collection
of city-states that pledged
loyalty to Athens
• Athens taxed them for
protection
• Athens had very strong
navy
Sparta
• Peloponnesian League:
• Superior army on land
• Entire culture was focused
on the art of war
MILITARY
• The Spartan warrior was
the most feared soldier in
Greece
• The Athenian trireme
allowed the navy to
protect the Athenian way
of life
Lifestyle / Values
Athens
• Democratic values
• Participation in
government a civic
responsibility
• Many religious holidays
• Theatre / sporting events
• Trading empire brought
contact with many other
cultures
Sparta
• Militaristic values
• Citizens were not
permitted to own luxuries
• Children were taught to
respect elderly, women,
and warriors
Education
•
•
•
•
Athens
Schools taught reading, writing
and mathematics, music,
poetry, sport and gymnastics
Ages 5-14 (wealthy went until
18)
Academies were set up to
study philosophy, rhetoric, and
ethics
Girls were taught homemaking
skills
Sparta
• Boys: at age 7 they were
taken from their parents and
taught the art of war
• Had to steal to survive
• At age 20 they entered the
military
• At age 20 they were able to
marry
• Girls: at age 7 they were
reading and writing,
gymnastics, athletics and
survival skills
EDUCATION
• Athens
• No formal education for girls
• Boys learned rhetoric,
mathematics, reading
writing, poetry, music,
gymnastics
• Sparta
• Military school at age 7 for
boys
• Lived in barracks and stole
to survive
• Girls learned athletics
Role of Women
Athens
• Women were kept at
home
• Could not participate in
athletics
• Some women held high
posts at religious
ceremonies
Sparta
• Girls were educated
• Could participate in sports
• Goal was to produce
•
•
•
•
healthy babies
Married at 18
Enjoyed a great deal of
freedom
Could own and control their
property
Expected to protect land
while husband was at war
Women’s roles
• Athenian:
• sequestered in the home
• not educated
• responsible for handicrafts
and textiles
• Spartan:
• Controlled home and land
when husbands were
fighting
• “Come back with your
shield, or on it.”
Food
Athens
• Enjoyed food from all over
the empire
• Trade brought goods from
all over the Mediterranean
region
Sparta
• Spartan Broth: pork,
blood, salt, vinegar
• Trained to dislike luxuries
and fancy food
• Men lived separate from
wives for much of the
time
Cultural Achievement
Athens
• Art
• Sculptures
• Pottery
• Architecture
• Drama
• Literature
• Philosophy
• Science
• Medicine
• Mathematics
• Democracy
Sparta
• Military supremacy
• Simple lifestyle
• “ideal” community
Athenian legacy – Philosophy,
architecture, drama, art
Athens – birthplace of
democracy
• Adult male citizens
directly participated in
affairs of the state
• Trial by a jury selected by
lot
• Ostracism – people could
be banished from Athens
by vote
• Council of 500, the
Assembly
Discussion
•
•
•
•
•
If you were a young teenage girl of the citizen
class, in which city-state would you rather live?
Why?
If you were a slave, in which would you rather
live? Why?
If you were a boy of the citizen class, in which
would you rather live? Why?
If you were a young soldier, in which would you
rather live? Why?
If you were a very wealthy person of the citizen
class, in which would you rather live? Why?
THE PERSIAN WAR
The Persians and the Greeks
• In 519 B.C., the Persians conquered a group of
people called the Ionian Greeks who lived in
Asia Minor.
• The Ionian Greeks asked the mainland Greeks
for help.
• The Greeks did help and the Persian king was
furious.
The Persians invaded the Greeks.
The Persian Wars
• The Persian army outnumbered the Athenian
army.
• However, the smaller Greek ships could move
easily in the water. The Greek ships destroyed
the Persian ships.
• Many Greek city-states also united to defeat the
Persians.
Look at the map! Can you see why the
smaller Greek ships had an advantage?
The Alliance
• After the Persian Wars, the Greek city-states
united.
• Each city-state agreed to give money or ships to
be used to defend all of them. Athens led the
alliance. The alliance was called the Delian
League.
• However, Athens used the alliance money to
rebuild Athens.
The Peloponnesian War
• Athens betrayed the trust of the alliance.
• The other Greek city-states declared war
on Athens.
• This war was called the Peloponnesian
War.
Summation of Wars
• The Persian Wars strengthened the Greek
city-states.
• However, the Peloponnesian War
weakened the Greek city-states.
• Sparta led the alliance against Athens.
The Spartans were skilled soldiers.
War strengthened
the Greeks and
war weakened
the Greeks.
Questions for Reflection:
• Why did the Persians invade Greece?
• Why did the Persian Wars strengthen the
Greeks?
• Define the Delian League.
• Why did the Peloponnesian War begin?
• Why did the Peloponnesian War weaken
the Greeks?