Dr. Wade Schindler
Tulane University
1


What Is It?

Who Uses It?

What Information Does It Provide?

How Does It Impact Society?

What Specific Types Of Crime Analysis
Are Being Studied?
2


Crime Analysis is the logical examination of crimes that have penetrated preventative measures.

Crime Analysis also provides a proactive approach to security and law enforcement for the implementation of new crime prevention techniques.
3



To reduce crime on property.
To evaluate and aid in the selection of security and crime prevention measures.


To justify crime prevention expenditures.
To provide a system of monitoring the effectiveness of security and crime prevention measures.

To provide a continual evaluation system of the property’s crime situation.

To reduce the liability of property owners and their agents (property managers).
4

Crime Analysis &
Circle Of Control/Influence

Crime Analysis helps differentiate between a property manager’s area of control (Circle Of Control) and the areas over which managers have influence (Influence Of
Control).

Property Managers are those people who own or contractually manage property that is public or private.
Circle Of Influence
Circle Of Control
5

Using the building manager scenario as an example, our manager is responsible for the building’s operation, the common areas, and the parking garage, which constitute his Circle Of Control.
6

An example of an area within his Circle Of
Influence is the property next door, a strip used daily by his tenants. The proximity of this strip center to his building, its use by his tenants, and his relationship with that center’s management place this facility within his Circle Of Influence. Though he is not responsible for this facility, it does affect his property’s security and vice-versa.
7


A Premises Security lawsuit is a civil action brought on behalf of a person seeking damages for negligent security against the owners and their agents.

Generally, three elements must be met in order for the plaintiff to prevail. These elements are, duty, breach of duty, and proximate cause.
8

Statistics represent criminal activity in the form of numbers, comparable to an inventory, in which the Crime Analysis task is the reformation of that activity as a tangible tool for risk management.
9


The primary data set is Calls For Service (CFS), which serves as crime analysis’ basis and provides for the most accurate portrayal of criminal and other activity at a property. CFS consist of every report of crime, suspected crime, and activity called on to police from a property.

Research has concluded that unreported crime accounts for a 10% higher crime index, though this is highly dependent on the type of crime under observation. Despite the exclusion of unreported crime, CFS still provides conclusive illustrations of criminal activity on a property.
10


Offense ReportsGenerated when police discover a crime independent from a call into the
911 system.

Uniform Crime ReportsThe most exhaustive and geographically comprehensive crime statistics available in the United States. The FBI is responsible for the publication of the UCR.

National Crime Victimization SurveyInitiated by the United States Census Bureau and Law
Enforcement Assistance Administration in 1972, include characteristics of crime victims, such as age, sex, ethnicity, and martial status.
11


Demographic DataInclude statistical data in reference to population counts, socioeconomic levels, education levels, and personal traits of the population.

Security ReportsInclude reports of criminal activity and other incidents (parking, loitering, security breaches). Management may generate these reports directly or through a contracted security service.

National Incident~Based Reporting System
(NIBRS)The future of Crime Analysis and a new measure of crime is found in the NIBRS.
12

Is a hierarchy that denotes the levels of
Geographic Analysis, ranging from the specific to the general.
It is geared toward being as site~specific as possible displaying the importance and relationship between each level.
Property
Census Tract
Reporting Area
Beat/District Precinct
City/County
MSA
State
Nation
13


Property- Is the fundamental level of analysis that refers to a single address over which the manager has absolute control.

Census Tract- Geographic areas defined by the
U.S. Census Bureau for population and geographic purposes.

Beat, District, or Precinct- Patrol Beats are common geographical zones that law enforcement allocate resources. Districts and Precinct’s are areas in which command centers are grouped.
14



Crime Statistical Reporting Area- Statistical Reporting Area
(RA) is a uncommon level of analysis. Generally, RA’s are small homogenous areas created for the sole purpose of supporting crime data collection. Uncommon because it creates inconsistency across jurisdictions.
City/County- Encompass crime information for the entire law enforcement jurisdiction. City and County data are on the middle ring of the Circle Of Influence.

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)- Account for approximately 76% of the total U.S. Population. This is considered the outer of the Circle Of Influence. Created purely for Crime Statistical purposes.
15


State- Similar to city and county data, state can be found in the UCR and include information for the entire state. Information is available through the State Police.

Nation- Crime Stats for the Nation are available through the UCR program, via actual crime information and estimations for the occasional jurisdiction that are not involved in the program.
16



BJS conducts the annual National Crime
Victimization Survey (NCVS).

Today’s statistics originate from the Bureau of
Justice Statistics (BJS) and the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI).
FBI publishes data that is summarized in the
Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR) and its incident-driven National Incident Based
Reporting System (NIBRS).
17

Started by the FBI in 1929 in response to a national initiative undertaken by the
International Association of Chiefs of Police
(IACP). The objective was to develop a set of consistent crime statistics for policymakers and police agencies to use throughout the country.
18


Initial data was structured in terms of seven major offense categories: Murder, Rape,
Robbery, Aggravated Assault, Burglary,
Larceny, and Motor Vehicle Theft.

These crimes are called, Part 1 Offenses.
When averaged together and compared with the country’s population, it forms the FBI’s
Crime Index.
19


Part 1 Offenses, showing the number of crimes reported in 1999 and 1995.

The Crime Clock subdivides Part 1
Offenses into two categories: Violent
Crime and
Property Crime.
20


The most significant methodological feature of the UCR is indicated by its name. It is a reporting program. In other words, only crimes that are reported to police are included in these statistics.

The most underreported crime is larceny, because petty theft may never make it into official police reports.
21

22

Murder
Rape
15,533
89,107
Robbery 409,670
Aggravated Assault 916,383
MVT 1,147,305
Burglary
Theft
2,099,739
6,957,412
Total 11,635,149
Source: UCR (1996)
23

24


Recently, the UCR received an overhaul funded by the Criminal Identification Technology Act of
1998. The National Incident-Based Reporting
System (NIBRS), a new statistical system, was derived from the UCR.

The NIBRS was designed to gather detailed data on weapons, injuries received, crime locations, victims, offenders, sex, age, race, and much more.
25

Table 2.3
Murder by Month
1
Percent Distribution, 1997-2001
Month 1997 1998 1999 2000
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
7.9
8.7
9.0
8.7
8.7
7.3
8.5
7.6
8.2
8.6
8.2
8.6
8.4
8.4
8.7
9.2
9.1
7.2
8.3
7.7
8.3
8.3
7.6
8.8
8.3
8.1
9.1
9.1
8.8
7.1
7.6
7.7
8.7
8.4
8.2
8.8
8.5
8.5
9.3
9.4
8.4
7.3
7.6
7.7
8.3
8.7
7.7
8.7
1
The murder and nonnegligent homicides that occurred as a result of the events of
Sep tember 11, 2001, were not included in any murder tables (Tables 2.3-2.15).
See sp ecial rep ort, Section V.
2001
8.2
8.4
9.5
9.1
8.0
6.1
7.2
8.0
8.7
9.3
8.4
9.2
26

Table 2.4
Murder Victims
1 by Race and Sex, 2001
Race of victim Total
Male
Sex of Victims
Female Unknown
Total white victims
Total black victims
Total other race victims
Total unknown race
6,750
6,446
368
188
13,752
4,785
5,350
245
123
1,962
1,095
123
34
Total victims
2 10,503 3,214 35
1
The murder and nonnegligent homicides that occurred as a result of the events of
Sep tember 11, 2001, were not included in any murder tables (Tables 2.3-2.15).
See sp ecial rep ort, Section V.
2
Total number of murder victims for whom sup p lemental homicide data were received.
3
1
0
31
27

Alexandria
4
Baton Rouge
Bogalusa
Bossier City
Crowley
Eunice
Gretna
Hammond
Houma
Jennings
Kenner
Lafayette
Lake Charles
Minden
Monroe
Natchitoches
New Iberia
4
New Orleans
Pineville
Ruston
Shreveport
Slidell
Thibodaux
West Monroe
Westwego
Zachary
LOUISIANA
46,305 4,957 4,958
227,637 20,149 20,318
13,354 1,208 1,216
56,416 4,194 4,230
14,214 658 658
11,490 1,042 1,045
17,409 1,199 1,207
17,625 3,938 3,938
32,367 2,212 2,227
10,977 682 687
70,461 3,861 3,861
110,170 8,167 8,208
71,700 4,586 4,613
13,017 378 380
53,065 6,272 6,330
17,851 1,069 1,069
32,597 2,179 2,186
484,289 36,057
13,818 576
20,530 1,356 1,359
199,986 15,616 15,746
25,675 2,093 2,094
14,420 572 574
13,239 1,270 1,271
10,754
11,266
430
513
435
516
3
213
0
1
31
0
2
0
0
0
7
4
0
1
2
3
5
2
1
4
1
5
46
0
3
0
5
11
18
15
7
17
74
38
1
37
9
26 183 434 1,105 3,047 157
62 1,071 1,368 3,716 12,128 1,758
16
20
0
23
84
2
135
394
59
318
640
152
662
2,777
430
54
276
15
19
47
86
70
12
107
195
157
8
126
13
242
112
343
90
228
131
168
367 1,352 1,966
307
125
531
621
707
1,359
427
2,484
771 1,332 5,318
401
31
151
1,721
82
253
1,900
238
701 1,120 3,984
615
365
17
302
27
24
153
142
114
19
491
472
3
7
5
6
5 36 215 384 1,369 167
209 2,778 2,677 5,262 16,187 8,731
4 4 3 244 299 22
7
111
16
39 140 235 886 48
534 1,253 3,368 9,200 1,119
43 135 278 1,470 151
27
26
13
5
60
82
38
39
109
156
63
73
363
934
277
351
8
66
34
38
0
15
3
8
5
0
41
27
2
58
0
1
169
8
36
0
7
3
130
1
5
3
2
1
28

Murder Circumstances, 1997-2001
1
Circumstances 1997 1998 1999 2000
Total
2
Felony type total:
Rape
Robbery
Burglary
Larceny-theft
Motor vehicle theft
Ars on
Pros titution and
commercialized vice
Other s ex offens es
Narcotic drug laws
Gambling
Other - not s pecified
Sus pected felony type
Other than felony type total:
15,837
2,968
67
1,509
101
16
18
92
7
23
802
19
314
14,276
2,514
62
1,244
92
17
17
83
15
20
682
12
270
104
7,232
13,011
2,215
47
1,057
81
14
12
66
8
19
581
17
313
153
7,666
65
6,880
Romantic triangle
Child killed by babys itter
Brawl due to influence
of alcohol
Brawl due to influence
of narcotics
Argument over money
or property
Other arguments
Gangland killings
Juvenile gang killings
Ins titutional killings
Sniper attack
Other - not s pecified
176
24
239
106
287
4,476
86
783
19
8
1,462
187
23
213
117
241
4,129
73
628
15
16
1,590
137
34
203
127
213
3,471
122
580
13
5
1,975
122
30
188
99
206
3,589
65
653
10
8
1,901
Unknown 5,050 4,426 3,851 4,070
1
The murder and nonnegligent homicides that occurred as a result of the events of
Sep tember 11, 2001, were not included in any murder tables (Tables 2.3-2.15).
See sp ecial rep ort, Section V.
2
Total number of murder victims for whom sup p lemental homicide data were received.
13,230
2,229
58
1,077
76
23
25
81
6
10
589
12
272
60
6,871
2001
72
6,948
118
37
151
118
194
3,544
74
865
8
7
1,832
4,453
13,752
2,279
59
1,042
73
16
20
70
5
7
558
3
426
29

Murder Circumstances
1 by Relationship,
2
2001
Circumstances Total Husband Wife Mother Father Son Daughter Brother Sister
Other Acquaintfamily ance
Friend Boyfriend
Total
3
Felony type total:
Rape
Robbery
Burglary
Larceny-theft
Motor vehicle theft
Arson
Prostitution and
commercialized vice
Other sex offenses
Narcotic drug laws
Gambling
Other - not specified
Suspected felony type
13,752
2,279
59
1,042
73
16
20
70
558
3
5
7
426
72
142
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
600
19
0
0
3
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
13
0
94
9
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
110
7
0
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
3
0
253
18
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
15
1
218
17
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
13
0
73
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
26
4
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
284
Other than felony type total:
Romantic triangle
Child killed by babysitter
Brawl due to influence
of alcohol
Brawl due to influence
of narcotics
Argument over money or
property
Other arguments
Gangland killings
Juvenile gang killings
Institutional killings
Sniper attack
Other - not specified
Unknown
6,948
118
37
151
118
194
3,544
74
865
8
7
1,832
4,453
118
2
0
1
1
1
91
1
0
0
0
21
21
511
10
0
4
2
5
354
0
0
0
0
136
70
71
0
0
0
0
2
38
0
0
0
0
31
14
86
0
0
0
1
2
62
0
0
0
1
20
17
208
0
2
0
1
1
40
0
0
0
0
164
26
179
0
4
1
0
0
30
0
0
0
0
144
22
60
0
0
3
1
5
40
0
0
0
0
11
10
19
1
0
1
0
2
8
0
0
0
0
7
3
1
The murder and nonnegligent homicides that occurred as a result of the events of September 11, 2001, were not included in any murder tables (Tables 2.3-2.15).
See special report, Section V.
198
4
0
6
116
0
0
61
1
0
47
8
2
39
3
14
4
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
12
0
2,979
101
1,065
20
209
8
1
412
467
52
26
59
54
199
2
1
4
65
8
2,007
497
13
182
12
4
7
8
342
14
5
5
1
15
164
0
0
58
1
0
34
2
263
15
0
0
0
6
43
4
16
2
0
0
0
153
1
0
3
0
0
113
0
0
22
0
0
13
0
139
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
30

Metropolitan Statistical Area
Area actually reporting
Estimated totals
Cities outside metropolitan areas
Area actually reporting
Estimated totals
Rural
Area actually reporting
Estimated totals
State Total
Rate per 100,000 inhabitants
3,367,535
98.4% 193,992 23,958 170,034 422 1,111 7,147 15,278 36,441 113,728 19,865
100.0% 197,176 24,311 172,865 423 1,130 7,215 15,543 36,992 115,818 20,055
366,764
82.9% 20,056 2,733 17,323 21 97 349 2,266 4,225 12,359
100.0% 24,205 3,298 20,907 25 117 421 2,735 5,099 14,916
739
892
731,131
90.8% 15,420 2,786 12,634 48 142 207 2,389 3,957 8,005
100.0% 16,990 3,069 13,921 53 156 228 2,632 4,360 8,821
672
740
4,465,430 238,371 30,678 207,693 501 1,403 7,864 20,910 46,451 139,555 21,687
5,338.1
687.0
4,651.1
11.2
31.4
176.1
468.3
1,040.2
3,125.2
485.7
31


The NIBRS has 22 crime categories in which make up 46 specific crimes called
“Group A Offenses.” In addition, there are
11 “Group B Offenses.” Group B Offenses only offer data pertaining to reported arrest data.

The goal of the NIBRS is to make data reporting and data retrieval easy and readily available.
32


Group A Offenses are those for which extensive crime data are collected under
NIBRS

Group B Offenses are those for which only arrest data are reported under NIBRS
33

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
8.
Arson
Assault Offenses, including aggravated assault, simple assault, and intimidation
Bribery
Burglary / Breaking and Entering
Counterfeiting / Forgery
Destruction / Damage / Vandalism of property
Drug / Narcotic Offenses including Drug
Paraphernalia
Embezzlement
34

9.
Extortion / Blackmail
10.
Fraud Offenses, including False Pretenses /
Swindles / Credit Card / Wire Fraud
11.
Gambling Offenses, including Sports
Tampering / Equipment Violations / Betting and Wagering
12.
Homicide Offenses, including Murder and
Non-negligent Manslaughter / Negligent
Manslaughter / Justifiable Homicide
13.
Kidnapping and Abduction
35

14.
Larceny and Theft Offenses, including pocket picking / Shoplifting / Theft from coin machines / Theft from a motor vehicle
15.
Motor Vehicle Theft
16.
Pornography
17.
Prostitution
18.
Robbery
36

19.
Forcible Sex Offenses, including Forcible
Rape / Forcible Sodomy / Sexual Assault
20.
Non-forcible Sex Offenses, including
Incest / Statutory Rape
21.
Stolen Property
22.
Weapon law violations
37

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Bad checks
Curfew / Loitering
Disorderly conduct
DUI
Drunkenness
Non-violent family offenses
Liquor la violations
Peeping Tom
9.
Runaway
10.
Trespass of real property
11.
All other offenses
38

39

40


The transition process is not moving as quickly as planned. Scheduled to be fully in place by 1999.

It is not being widely accepted by local law enforcement due to limited manpower in managing the transition process.

The NIBRS offers much more than past statistical programs. However, it cannot be fully critiqued until it is fully implemented.
41


NCVS consists of information elicited through interviews with members of randomly selected households throughout the nation.

NCVS data is gathered by the U.S. Census
Bureau personnel who survey approximately
49,000 households consisting of about 101,000 people.

The NCVS uncovers a large number of crimes that may not have been reported, therefore regarded by researchers as a more accurate measure of incidence crime.
42

43

44

45


The NCVS can be criticized for possible over-reporting. No attempt is made to verify the actual occurrence of any of the crimes reported to NCVS interviewers.

Individuals being interviewed sometimes embellish crime reports to gain attention and/or sympathy.
46


The collection of NCVS data began in 1972. It is newer than the FBI’s UCR established in 1929.

Recent changes have resulted in the inability to easily compare NCVS findings with past findings.
The UCR offers a more consistent system in comparing data due to more agencies being involved.

The NCVS is based on interviews per household.
The UCR is based on factual cases.
47

2000 Crime Index Offenses Reported
10,181,462
11,000,000
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
1,424,289 506.1
3,617.90
Y 2000 per 100,000
Violent Crime
Total
Property Crime
Total
48

2000 Crime Index Offenses Reported
90
,1
86
40
7,
84
2
91
0,
74
4
2,
04
9,
94
6
6,
96
5,
95
7
1,
16
5,
55
9
78
,2
80
8,
15
2
Total Offenses
15
,5
17
M urd er
R ap e
R ob be ry
A gg ra va
B urg
La la ry te d A ssa rce ny
M oto
Th eft
A rso r V eh n icl e T he ult
H ate ft
C rim es
49