*
CHAPTER 53, 54, 55
The Return of
Canis lupus?
* How Wolves Change Rivers 4.33
NG Yellowstone Wolves 5.05
Review of Reintroduction
NG Yellowstone Wolves Playlist
*
*
*Greater Biodiversity
*Add $$$- Tourism
* # coyotes; #
*Prey on Livestock; cost to
*
*COST $$$
*Loss of Mining, hunting,
smaller prey
elk, overgrazing;
Aspen trees
*
need for culling
elk/coyote
*
Beaver pop; dams,
rivers etc
*+ Effect on Carrying
Capacity of elk
ranchers
*Decreases Big Game
Hunting
logging areas
*Stress conditions for elk,
coyote- move to less
habitable areas
*Prey- neg. effect on #’s
*
“No man is an
island entire of
itself. Every man
is a piece of a
continent, a part
of the main”
-John Donne
*
*The study of the interactions of organisms
with one another and with their physical
environment.
*Biotic Factors
vs Abiotic Factors?
Ch 52
**Physical Environment
(non-living)
ex- water, air, dirt, rocks
**Organisms that are
living (or WERE living at
one time….paper, steak)
ex- animals, plants,
HW#6
bacteria, fungus
*
1
2
3
All
Category
A+B
B only
1 Species
1
4
5
6
Can we go smaller ?
*self-sustaining
*
Highest Point?
Lowest Point?
Living at the extremes?
Biomes
BIOTIC,
ABIOTIC?
BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS IN THIS BIOME?
(adaptions)
THE TUNDRA
Food Chain or
Food Web?
Ch 54
HW#7
Density Dependent
vs
Density Independent
HW #6
*
Matter and Energy in an
Ecosystem
P/S:
Compare how
matter and
energy operate in
ecosystems?
(Are they
recycled)?
HW Section 4,
Ch54 #9
CH54#9
NPP = GPP - CR
*
Section 4, CH54#15
*
*Shows the energy
level.
available at each trophic
* The size of the blocks represents the proportion of energy
* Measured in Joules or Calories
CH54#13,14
*
CH54#13,14
*
*Illustration of the number of organisms at
each level
CH54#13,14
Niche
Size
A species's niche includes the physical environment to which it has become
adapted as well as its role as producer and consumer of food resources.
* Brown (introduced from
Cuba) and Green anole
(native to Florida)
* Niche- All Abiotic and biotic
factors; habitat. Size?
* Size of the fundamental
niche vs realized- same for
the ‘stronger’, smaller
realized niche for the
‘weaker’
HHMI-Anoles 17.45
Ch 53
*
Ch 53 #8 P/S, review answers, discuss invasive species
Island A:
Populations of
B.glanula and
C.dalli
barnacles coexisting in the
absence of
herbivores.
Island B:
Populations of
B.glanula and
C.dalli barnacles
co-existing in the
presence of
herbivores.
Ch 53 #8 P/S, review answers, discuss invasive species
Competition
Inter = Between
different species
Intra = within one
species
Battle at Kruger 8.24
Predation
Predator
Prey
Pursuit, ambush
Ch 53, CH51
* No two species can co-
exist in a community if
they share a niche (have
the same needs).
* Where there is overlap,
competition goes on and
one species will always
win out.
*
Ch 53
*
*Adaptions to improve
*Survival &
Reproduction:
Mechanical, Chemical
*Cuticle- keep water in, pathogens out; close the stomata! Spines! Thorns!
*Polymers to reduce digestibility; Odor!
*Essential oils- attract predatory insects to kill plant-feeding insects
C LORATION
*
*
*
Ch 53
*
“Cryptic Coloration”
Malaysian orchid mantis
Grey Cicada
* Octopus
4.37Camouflage
* Grizzly Bear
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1080207/Masters-disguise-Stunning-pictures-tricks-usedcreatures-camouflage-themselves.html
The yellow banded poison dart frog
*
* The harmless mimic gains the same advantage as the dangerous
model.
* The ‘duped’ predator brings about this evolutionary change. How?
* While the increased # could benefit both species, the model could be
disadvantaged in this process. How?
* The ‘model’ is still an aposematic
prey.
* The Viceroy butterfly ‘mimic’(top)
appears very similar to the noxious
tasting Monarch butterfly (bottom).
* However, the viceroy is actually
more unpalatable than the monarch
* The model benefits from being
mimic- increasing numbers of toxic
prey out there warning away
predators
* The predator is not ‘duped’- both
really are harmful
*
*
* Instead of out
competing
another
species- they
co-exist
* Other ways?
• location
• time of day
• nesting sites
or times
• Food type
• plant root
depth
Ch 53
Symbiosis
Mutualism
+/+
Commensalism
+/0
Parasitism
+/-(host)
An intimate relationship between two
or more organisms of different species.
P/S: examples of each?
Ch 53, POGIL
*
Mutualism
*
Commensalism
*
Mutualism
Ectoparasite
*
Parasitism
Ecto or endo?
*
Mutualism
Endoparasite
*
Parasitism…..
ecto or endo?
Lichen:
Fungus +
Algae
*
Mutualism
*
Mutualism
The “crocodile bird- Egyptian plover…subsaharan Africa
Caterpillar Host to
Wasp Cocoons
*
Parasitism
Black
Walnut
TreeEmits a
chemical
that kills
or inhibits
growth of
other
trees or
shrubs
nearby.
*
Amensalism
*
CH53, Ext#7
* Definitions: ?
* P/S: Humans: keystone or dominant species?
* Dominant: Most abundant species in a community
* Keystone: Species that has greater influence on community
structure than you would predict based on #’s. Maintains species
diversity (predation)
* Grey Wolf
* Fig Tree
* ?
Wolves-Yellowstone 4.33
*Succession:
The orderly
replacement of one community by
another.
*
HW# 20
*
*
*
http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/53.18x1b.jpg
* A subalpine meadow in the Sierra Nevada under invasion by
lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta ssp. murrayana). Depending upon
local geological and climatological conditions, this area of grasses
and sedges may eventually be replaced by a forest of lodgepole pines
Do you always have to start with
primary succession?
(Nothing but rock?)
* Four stages of succession:
* 1. Submersed aquatic plants in the deeper water.
* 2. Emergent cattails,bulrushes rooted in the mud of shallow water.
* 3. Willow thickets along the banks of distant shoreline.
* 4. Conifer forest in drier, well drained soil above the willow thickets.
Describe how a decrease in biological diversity results in
an increase in the transmission of Lyme disease to
humans? How has human activities contributed to this
lack of diversity?
Text p1147 CH53
* Low diversity areas,
white-footed mouse often
the last to disappear..
* Mice carry Lyme disease
bacterium which is
transmitted to larval ticks
as they feed on the mice.
* In the spring, larval ticks
look for hosts