Safety and Security Concerns:
Criminal
CRIME RATE
 Began to decrease in the early 90’s, but still remains high
 Crimes can be categorized in numerous ways one way is by
types
 Street crime
 Victimless crime
 White collar crime
 Organized crime
 Domestic crime
 Juvenile crime
 Workplace violence
 Terrorism
STREET CRIME
 Felony crimes
 Murder
 Rape
 Robbery aggravated
assault
 Burglary
 Auto theft
 Grand larceny
 Arson
VICTIMLESS CRIMES
 Someone other than victim is complainant
 Participant enter into activity voluntarily
 Gambling
 Pornography
 Illegal drugs
 Illicit sexual behavior
 Public drunkenness
 Disorderly conduct
 Vagrancy
WHITE COLLAR CRIME
 Offense committed by a person of respectability and
high social status in the course of his/her occupation
 Political corruption (e.g., bribery)
 Illegal business practices, (e.g., price fixing)
 Tax evasion
 Fraud
 Embezzlement
 Economic crime and industrial espionage
 A national security issue
 According to government sources it is the greatest single
threat
ORGANIZED CRIME
 The systematic engagement in illegal activities and
provision of illegal services by a permanent group of
individuals.
 The existence is maintained
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Through the use of threats
Force
Monopoly control
Corruption
 Proceeds may be used to fund legitimate businesses as
fronts for illegal activities
 Images often depict organized crime as Mafia or La Cosa
Nostra under the control of Godfather, but today crosses all
ethnic and cultural lines
DOMESTIC CRIME
 One is more likely to be assaulted, beaten, even killed, in one’s
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own home by a loved one than anywhere else or by anyone else
in society
Usually has a long history
May manifest into the workplace or other places outside the
home
Many states have toughened laws related to domestic abuse
According to statutory provisions, domestic abuse, as compared
to child abuse, is a crime committed against an adult or fully
emancipated minor in a present or past relationship of an
intimate nature, includes:
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Spouse
A former spouse
Present or former cohabitant (not roommates)
Persons in dating or same-sex relationships
Person whom the perpetrator has had a child
JUVENILE CRIME
 Most street crimes are committed by a juvenile offenders
(younger than 18 yrs)
 Are typically referred to juvenile court
 Juvenile court, acting under the principle of parens patriae
and functioning as a parent on behalf of the child, has
jurisdiction over dependency and delinquency
 Dependency
 Issues arise when the child has been neglected, sexually
abused, or battered
 Delinquency
 Issues arise when the child commits an act that would be a
crime if it were committed by an adult
WORKPLACE VIOLENCE
 Is categorized as employee, occupational,
and attached workplace violence
 Workplace violence between employees is
identified as workplace violence, stemming
from employment relationship
 Occupational workplace violence is violence
that occurs in the workplace and results from
one’s occupation, violence associated with
unsafe working conditions
 Attached workplace violence is violence that
occurs in the workplace but that stems from
relationship that exists outside the workplace
TERRORISM
 Involves the use of violence and threats to intimidate or
coerce
 May be the product of an individual or a group
 Idealistic and political groups
 Economic opportunists
 “Urban” terrorists or gangs, such as predatory gangs, ethnic
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“turf” gangs, and economic gangs
Career criminals
Domestic violence perpetrators
Pro-life, anti-abortion, pro-choice activists
Animal rights activists
Environmentalists
 Acts of terrorism are increasing in the US
CRIME RATES, STATISTICS, AND
TRENDS
 As a result of congressional action, in 1929, the attorney general
of the US and the FBI were authorized to develop and
implement a uniform system for collection and dissemination of
crime statistics
 Was designed to identify major crime trends by comparing seven
crimes in the Crime Index, or Part I, of the UCR
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Murder
Forcible rape
Robbery
Aggravated assault
Burglary
Larceny (theft)
Motor vehicle theft
Arson (added in 1979)
 Crime data is supplied voluntarily by law enforcement agencies
UNIFORM CRIME RATE
 Published annually by the FBI
 Often referred to as Index Crimes, or leading crime
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indicators
Includes only serious crimes against persons and property
(crimes indicated on the previous slide)
Initially 400 agencies reported crime statistics
By 1971, 8000 of the 20,000 agencies reported information
1994- 16,313 agencies reported
Criticisms of the UCR is that it includes information
relative to crime reports submitted to the FBI voluntarily,
and only 80% of all law enforcement agencies report data
NATIONAL INCIDENT-BASED
REPORTING SYSTEM (NIBRS)
 1989 FBI introduces new crime-reporting system to
address criticisms of the UCR and the NCVS
 Deals with the volume, diversity, and complexity of the
crime
 Requires more detailed reports
 Substituted the Part I and Part II crime list with Group
A and Group B list, as far as the old UCR Part I list
focused on street crimes where as the new Group A list
is more inclusive and widens criminological interest to
“crime in suits”, such as white collar crime
NIBRS
GROUP A
 Arson
 Assault
 Bribery
 Burglary, breaking and entering
 Counterfeiting, forgery
 Destruction, damage, vandalism of property
 Drug and narcotic offenses
 Embezzlement
 Extortion, blackmail
 Fraud
 Gambling offenses
NIBRS/ GROUP A (CONT.)
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Homicide offenses
Kidnapping, abduction
Larceny, theft
Motor vehicle theft
Pornography, obscene material offenses
Prostitution
Robbery
Sex offenses, forcible
Sex offenses, nonforcible
Stolen property offenses
Weapon law violation
GROUP B
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Writing bad checks
Curfew violations, loitering, vagrancy
Disorderly conduct
Driving under the influence
Drunkenness
Family offenses, nonviolent
Liquor law violations
Peeping Tom offenses
Runaway-related offenses
Trespass of real property
All other offenses
CAUSES OF CRIME
 Criminology is the scientific study of the cause
of crime, study of violation of norms or
antisocial behavior or in its narrowest term, the
study of deviant behavior as it relates to
violations of the law
 Causes of crime are unknown
 There are many different views of the causes
 There are many theories about causes
THEORIES
 PSYCHOLOGICAL
 Ego-state theories, Sigmund Freud’s id, ego, and super ego
 Personality-disorder theories, mental deficiency, psychopathy or sociopathy, and
psychosis
 SOCIOLOGICAL
 Focuses on the impact of external forces on the individual
 Includes ecological, cultural, and social influences
 PHYSIOLOGICAL
 Deals with heredity, biochemicals in the body, and anthropology
 OTHER
 Economic
 Drug culture
 Demographic
 Urbanization
 Cultural differences
 Expectation level
 Changing moral standards
 Statistical effciency
CRIME PREVENTION
“CRIME PREVENTION BEGINS IN THE HIGH CHAIR
AND NOT THE ELECTRIC CHAIR”
 Strategies include
 Education
 Treatment
 Diversion
 Rehabilitation
 Deterrence through law enforcement and security
 Collaboration between individuals, groups, and
institutions
Lesson 1 QUESTIONS
1.
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6.
7.
What is one of the greatest safety and security concerns
for people?
What does UCR stand for?
Give an example of a victimless crime.
Who coined the phrase white collar crime ?
What type of crime accounts for a greater total financial
loss to the American people than street crime?
What activity can Organized Crime be traced back to as
early as the period between 1919 to 1933?
What does the term parens patriae mean?
Lesson 1 QUESTIONS
8. What new category of crime has developed in recent
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10.
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15.
years due to special attention being focused on it?
What are some reasons people do not report crime?
As household income rises, the burglary rate tends to
drop or increase ?
why has the day-time burglaries increased?
According to Freud’s ego-state theory, what is the cause
of criminal behavior?
What is the formative and developmental years?
What does crime prevention strategies include?
What does the book say may be the ultimate solution for
preventing of or reoccurrence of crime?
Answers
1.
2.
3.
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5.
6.
7.
The fear of crime
Uniform Crime Report
Gambling, pornography, illegal drugs, Illicit sexual
behavior, public drunkenness, disorderly conduct,
vagrancy
Edwin Sutherland
White collar
Prohibition
That the juvenile court is functioning as a parent on the
behalf of the child, has jurisdiction over dependency and
delinquency.
Answers
8.
9.
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12.
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15.
Workplace Violence
The victim felt that nothing would be accomplished, the
incident was not serious enough for police attention, and fear
of reprisal
Drop
Because more women have entered the workforce and houses
are unoccupied during regular daytime business hours.
According to the theory, criminal behavior results from a
conflict between the id and the superego
Ages 1-5 years of age
Education, treatment, diversion, rehabilitation, and deterrence
through law enforcement and security
Positive intervention or deterrence before a crime is committed