BUSI 240 Introduction to Information Systems Tuesday & Thursday 8:05am – 9:30am Wyant Lecture Hall Please initial the roster on the back table. 3-1 Current Events – What’s going on? Schwartz On Security: Slouching Toward Smartphone, Apple Armageddon Every new year brings fresh warnings that the next smartphone botnet or Apple "I Love You" virus is imminent, while real attacks keep escalating. Smartphones and Apple OS X computers currently draw little attention from attackers. Could all that be about to change, as the pace of patches and improvements in software design make Windows a less juicy target? We've been hearing this refrain for at least a couple of years, and I'm still not convinced. http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/vulnerabilities/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=229100291 3-2 Current Events – What’s going on? Holocaust historical data goes digital The world's largest collection of Holocaust documents is going digital. Israel's Holocaust memorial, Yad Vashem, is teaming up with Google to make its photographs and documents interactive and searchable on the Internet. The project launched Wednesday with a collection of 130,000 photos that can now be searched directly from Google, using standard keywords and other data that make it far easier than in the past to find the desired information. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110126/ap_on_hi_te/ml_israel_holocaust_google 3-3 Current Events – What’s going on? Emotiv's New Mind-Control Headset for PCs Its wireless sensors help users run some programs with their thoughts What if you could simply think about an action, and the computer would respond? http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/08_32/b4095000909813.htm 3-4 Current Events – What’s going on? Automated Theft Machines One April evening in 2009, a Gray Nissan truck idled in a parking lot across from a Wachovia Bank in a Fort Lauderdale, Fla., suburb. A man wearing sunglasses and a baseball cap hopped out and walked over to the bank's ATM — but not to withdraw cash, at least not right away. With practiced ease, he quickly glued a magnetic-card reader onto the front of the machine, on top of the ATM's card-reading slot, and swapped out the light panel above it with one containing a tiny video camera http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2041113,00.html#ixzz1CZfZKpEX 3-5 Current Events – What’s going on? Still patchy American firms are hiring again, but hold the cheers WITH the dawn of 2011 America’s recovery is officially longerlived than the recession that preceded it. It is a recovery that seems to be strengthening, raising hopes that employers will at last develop an appetite for hiring. America remains over 7m jobs short of the previous employment peak, and figures published on January 7th showed that the economy added just 103,000 jobs in December—scarcely enough to keep up with population growth. The unemployment rate fell in that month by nearly half a point, to 9.4%, but that was mainly because so many jobless workers gave up and stopped looking. http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displaystory.cfm?subjectid=348876&story_id=17906059 3-6 Current Events – What’s going on? 3-7 Quiz #1 3-8 Chapter 3b Computer Hardware History of computers Types of computer systems Hardware components and functions Computer peripherals McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Current Events – What’s going on? IBM unveils world's fastest supercomputer Sequoia, built for the US department of energy, is almost 20 times more powerful than the previous record holder http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/feb/03/fastest-supercomputer-ibm-sequoia 4-10 IBM Sequoia 4-11 Microcomputer Systems Personal Computer (PC) – microcomputer for use by an individual Desktop – fit on an office desk Laptop – small, portable PC 3-12 Recommended features for PC 3-13 Microcomputer Systems Workstation – a powerful, networked PC for business professionals Network Server – more powerful microcomputers that coordinate telecommunications and resource sharing in small networks 3-14 How corporate buyers choose PCs Solid performance at a reasonable price Operating system ready Connectivity – reliable network interface or wireless capability 3-15 Terminals Devices that allow access to a network Dumb terminals – keyboard and video monitor with limited processing Intelligent terminals – modified networked PCs or network computers Network terminals or computers Windows terminals depend on network servers for software, processing and storage Internet terminals depend to the Internet or Intranet for operating systems and software 3-16 Information Appliances Hand-held microcomputer devices Personal digital assistants (PDA) BlackBerry Video-game consoles Internet enabled cellular phones 3-17 Midrange systems High-end network servers Minicomputers for scientific research and industrial process monitoring Less costly to buy, operate and maintain than mainframe 3-18 3-19 3-20 3-21 3-22 3-23 3-24 3-25 Mainframe Computer Systems Large, fast powerful computer systems Large primary storage capacity High transaction processing Complex computations Can 3-26 be used as superservers for large companies 3-27 Supercomputer Systems Extremely powerful systems Scientific, engineering and business applications at extremely high speeds Global weather forecasting, military defense Parallel processing with thousands of microprocessors Billions of operations per second Millions of dollars Minisupercomputers of dollars 3-28 costing hundreds of thousands Cray 2 Supercomputer 3-29 IBM Supercomputer 3-30 Computer hardware functions Input Keyboards, mice, optical scanners Convert data into electronic form Processing Central Processing Unit (CPU) Arithmetic-logic unit performs the arithmetic functions Control unit 3-31 Output Video display units, printers, etc. Convert electronic information into human-intelligible form Computer hardware functions Storage Primary Storage Unit or memory Secondary Storage Magnetic disks and Optical disks Control Control unit of the CPU Controls the other components of the computer 3-32 Computer Processing Speeds Millisecond Microsecond – millionth of a second Nanosecond – billionth of a second Picosecond 3-33 – thousandth of a second – trillionth of a second Computer Processing Speeds MIPS – million instructions per second Teraflops – trillions of floating point operations per second (Supercomputer) Clock speed of the computer: Megahertz (MHz) – millions of cycles per second Gigahertz (GHz) – billions of cycles per second 3-34 Moore’s Law 3-35 Peripherals Peripheral is generic name for all input, output, and secondary storage devices that are part of the computer system but are not part of the CPU Online devices Separate from CPU But electronically connected to and controlled by CPU Offline devices Separate from and not under control of the CPU Peripherals 3-36 are online devices Peripheral Checklist 3-37 Input technologies 3-38 Keyboard: most widely-used Graphical user interface (GUI) Icons, menus, windows, buttons, bars Used for selection Pointing Devices Electronic Mouse Trackball – Stationary device like a mouse Roller ball used to move cursor on screen. Pointing keypad Moves 3-39 Stick – Small eraser head-like device in cursor in direction of pressure placed on stick. Pointing Devices Touchpad – Small rectangular touch-sensitive surface Moves the cursor in the direction of finger moves on the pad Touch Screen – use computer by touching screen Video display screen that emits a grid of infrared beams, sound waves, or a slight electric current Grid is broken when the screen is touched. 3-40 Pen-based Computing Used in Tablet PCs and PDAs Pressure-sensitive layer like touch screen under liquid crystal display screen Have software that digitizes handwriting, hand printing, and hand drawing 3-41 Speech Recognition Systems Discrete: pause between each word Continuous: conversationally-paced speech System compares your speech patterns to library of sound patterns Training: to recognize your voice patterns Speaker independent system: understand voice never heard before 3-42 Used in voice-messaging computers Optical Scanning Read text or graphics and convert them into digital input Desktop or flatbed scanners Optical Character Recognition (OCR): Read characters and codes Used to read merchandise tags, sort mail, score tests Optical Read scanning wands bar codes such as the Universal Product Code (UPC) 3-43 Other Input Technologies Magnetic Read Smart stripe magnetic stripe on credit cards cards Microprocessor chip and memory on credit card Used more often in Europe than in US Digital cameras Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Identification numbers of bank and account printed in magnetic ink on bottom of check 3-44 Output Technologies Video displays Cathode ray tube (CRT) like a television Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) Spray ink on page Laser printer 3-45 Laptop and PDAs, some PCs Printed Output Inkjet printer Most desktop PC screens Electrostatic process like photocopying machine Voice response systems Storage tradeoffs 3-46 Computer Storage Fundamentals 3-47 Binary representation Data are processed and stored in computer system through the presence or absence of signals Either ON or OFF ON = number 1 OFF = number 0 Bit and Byte 3-48 Bit (short for binary digit) Smallest element of data Either zero or one Byte Group of eight bits which operate as a single unit Represents one character or number Representing characters in bytes 3-49 Computers use binary system to calculate 3-50 Measuring storage capacities 3-51 Kilobyte (KB): one thousand bytes Megabyte (MB): one million bytes Gigabyte (GB): one billion bytes Terabyte (TB): one trillion bytes Petabyte (PB): one quadrillion bytes Direct and Sequential Access Direct Access or Random Access Directly store and retrieve data Each storage position has unique address and can be accessed in same length of time Semiconductor memory chips, magnetic disks Sequential Data Access is stored and retrieved in a sequential process Must be accessed in sequence by searching through prior data Magnetic tape 3-52 Direct and sequential access 3-53 Semiconductor memory Microelectronic semiconductor memory chips Used for primary storage Advantage: Small size Fast Shock and temperature resistance Disadvantage: Volatility: must have uninterrupted electric power or lose memory 3-54 Silicon wafer Each of the rectangles on this earlier silicon wafer is a four-megabit RAM chip. The wafer is the structural unit that all chips are fabricated on. The chips are cut out and placed into their individual housings. 3-55 Two types of semiconductor memory 3-56 RAM: random access memory Most widely used primary storage medium Volatile memory Read/write memory ROM: read only memory Permanent storage Can be read but cannot be overwritten Frequently used programs burnt into chips during manufacturing Called firmware Magnetic Disks Used for secondary storage Fast access and high storage capacity Source: Quantum. 3-57 Source: Corbis. Construction and Operation of the Hard Disk 3-58 The Difference Between Tracks and Cylinders 3-59 A platter from a 5.25" hard disk, with 20 concentric tracks drawn over the surface. Each track is divided into 16 imaginary sectors. Types of magnetic disks 3-60 Floppy disks Magnetic disk inside a plastic jacket Hard disk drives Magnetic disk, access arms, and read/write heads in sealed module RAID (Redundant arrays of independent disks) Disk arrays of interconnected hard disk drives Fault tolerant with multiple copies on several disks Flash drive New type of permanent storage Uses semiconductor memory Small chip with thousands of transistors Easily transported Also called jump drives, USB flash drives Source: Courtesy of Lexar Media. 3-61 Solid State Drive Open casing of 2.5” traditional hard disk drive (left) and solid-state drive (center). 3-62 Current Events – What’s going on? IBM unveils world's fastest supercomputer Sequoia, built for the US department of energy, is almost 20 times more powerful than the previous record holder http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/feb/03/fastest-supercomputer-ibm-sequoia 3-63 Video http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Desktops-and- Notebooks/Solid-State-Drives-Better-for-Users/ 3-64 Pros and Cons of SSD Advantages • Faster startup (read) • Faster access to data/applications (read) • Constant performance (read) • No Noise • Higher mechanical reliability • Larger range of operating temperatures • Lower weight and size 3-65 Disadvantages • Price • Capacity • Vulnerability to abrupt power loss • Limited write cycles • Higher Power Consumption (overall) Magnetic Tape Secondary storage Tape reels and cartridges Used in robotic automated drive assemblies Archival storage and backup storage 3-66 Tape Library System 3-67 Optical Disks 3-68 Uses of optical disks Image processing Long term storage of historical files of images Scan documents and store on optical disks Publishing materials Catalogs, Interactive Video 3-69 medium for fast access to reference directories, etc. multimedia applications games, educational videos, etc.