Environmental
Decisions
Efficiency of common heat
engines
U.S. Emits Nearly Half World's
Automotive Carbon Dioxide
 WASHINGTON, DC, June 28, 2006 (ENS) - The
United States has five percent of the world's
population and 30 percent of the world's
automobiles, but
 the country contributes 45 percent of the world's
automotive emissions of the greenhouse gas
carbon dioxide, according to a report released
today by the advocacy group Environmental
Defense.
Kilogram-force
 Weight is usually expressed in kilogram-force or pound-
force.
 1 kg-force = force of gravity on 1 kg of mass.
 1 lb-force = force of gravity on 1 lb of mass.
 These are not SI units but they have the advantage that the
magnitude of the weight is identical to the magnitude of the mass.
 1 kg-force = 9.8 Newtons
 When you say I weight 200 lbs you are indirectly saying: I
have a mass of 200 lbs and the force of gravity on me is
890 N.
 In the next examples all weights are expressed either in in
lb-force or in kg-force and in order to calculate rolling
resistance they will need to be converted to Newtons
Force to move a car at a certain speed
1
F  Crr  M  g  Cd  A   rho  v 2
2
F : force
Crr : coefficient of rolling resis tan ce
M : mass
g : acceleration of gravity
Cd : drag coefficient
A : frontal area
rho : air density
v : speed
Energy in Gasoline
 1 Gal Gasoline = 132,000,000 J
One passenger 60 mph
F  C rr  M  g  C d  A 
F : force
C rr : coefficien t of rolling resis tan ce
M : mass
g : accelerati on of gravity
C d : drag coefficien t
A : frontal area
rho : air density
v : speed
Car
Occupants
lbs
2,500.00
2,300.00
200.00
Crr
Asphalt
0.03
g
m/(s^2)
9.80
1
 rho  v 2 M
2
CdA
rho
ft^2
6.50
kg
1,132.50
1 Gal Gasoline
132,000,000.00 J
Useful 15%
19,800,000
F=
W = Fd =
Gals
m^2
0.60
kg/m^3
1.20
v
milesph
60.00
kmph
96.54
mps
26.82
d
miles
24.00
km
38.62
m
38,616.00
This is what you spend when you break
1/2Mv^2
407,209.41
593.51
22,919,091.24
1.16
Toyota Prius
http://privatenrg.com/
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Temperature: 87º F
Elevation: 400’ feet above sea level
Humidity: 67%
Barometer: 30.03 in/hg
Load: 350 lbs (driver & gear)
Auto AC: OFF
Climate Control: 72º F
Wind: NONE
Wind Dir: 235º (tail wind/crosswind – slightly detrimental)
Fuel: 114,500 BTU (avg Summer Blend) -- see: http://www.epa.gov/otaq/rfgecon.htm
kWh: 33.5568 kWh (energy available per gallon/US)
RRR: .001144 Road Rolling Resistance (smooth asphalt roads)
TRR: .007 Tire Rolling Resistance
Cd: .26 Aerodynamic Coefficient of Drag
FA: 2.16m^2 Frontal Area in meters squared
cwCd: 1.4e-5 (crosswind correction for Cd)
cwFA: 8.5e-5 (crosswind correction for FA)
Toyota Prius
http://auto.howstuffworks.com/hybrid-car6.htm
 The Prius mainly relies on two features to optimize
efficiency and reduce emissions:
 Its engine only runs at an efficient speed and load - In order to
reduce emissions, the Prius can accelerate to a speed of about 15
mph (24 kph) before switching on the gasoline engine. The engine
only starts once the vehicle has passed a certain speed. And once
the engine starts, it operates in a narrow speed band.
 It uses a unique power split device - Gasoline engines can be tuned
to run most efficiently in certain speed and load ranges. The power
split device on the Prius, allows the engine to stay in its most efficient
load and speed range most of the time.
How MPG is calculated?
http://www.caranddriver.com/features/09q3/the_truth_about_epa_city_highway_mpg_estimates-feature
 The first test cycle, which sought to mimic rush-
hour traffic in downtown Los Angeles with an
average speed of 21 mph, is called the FTP, or city
cycle.
 This test is 11 miles long, takes just over 31
minutes to complete, involves 23 stops, reaches a
top speed of 56 mph, and has maximum
acceleration equivalent to a lazy, 18-second 0-to60-mph run.
How MPG is calculated?
http://www.caranddriver.com/features/09q3/the_truth_about_epa_city_highway_mpg_estimates-feature
A second cycle to measure highway driving was added in
the late 1970s as part of the introduction of corporate
average fuel-economy (CAFE) regulations.
 This 10.3-mile cycle with an average speed of a paltry 48
mph and acceleration no more severe than in the city test,
may have been somewhat realistic in the days of the
national 55-mph speed limit but doesn’t come close to
approximating the highway behavior of today’s drivers.

How MPG is calculated?
http://www.caranddriver.com/features/09q3/the_truth_about_epa_city_highway_mpg_estimates-feature
 As a result, and even though the test figures were adjusted
downward starting in the early 1980s in an attempt to
produce more realistic sticker values (by 10 percent for the
city test and 22 percent for the highway), the EPA numbers
gave drivers too optimistic an expectation of fuel economy
for decades.
CdA ft²
2.31 (around 1.46 m² × 0.15)
2.5
3.95
5.1
5.4
5.71
5.74
5.76
5.8
5.81
5.88
5.92
5.95
6
6.08
6.13
6.17
6.24
6.27
Automobile model
2008 Aptera Typ-1
1986 Twike [3]
1996 GM EV1
1999 Honda Insight
1989 Opel Calibra
1990 Honda CR-X Si
2002 Acura NSX
1968 Toyota 2000GT
1986 Toyota MR2
1989 Mitsubishi Eclipse GSX
1990 Nissan 240SX hatchback / 200SX / 180SX
1994 Porsche 911 Speedster
1990 Mazda RX7
1970 Lamborghini Miura
2008 Nissan GTR
1991 Acura NSX
1995 Lamborghini Diablo
2004 Toyota Prius
1986 Porsche 911 Carrera
Aptera
Insight
Prius
CdA ft²
7.57
7.69
7.72
8.02
8.7
8.7
8.71
9.54
10.7
11.6
11.7
16.8
17.4
26.5
Automobile model
1992 Toyota Camry
1994 Chrysler LHS
1993 Subaru Impreza
2005 Bugatti Veyron
1990 Volvo 740 Turbo
1992 Ford Crown Victoria
1991 Buick LeSabre Limited
1992 Chevrolet Caprice Wagon
1992 Chevrolet Blazer
2005 Ford Escape Hybrid
1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee
2006 Hummer H3
1995 Land Rover Discovery
2003 Hummer H2
Escape
Hummer H2
Are this images familiar to you?
Hard to improve old technologies
 1807: Swiss engineer François Isaac de Rivaz built
an internal combustion engine powered by a
hydrogen and oxygen mixture. [3]
 1824: French physicist Sadi Carnot established the
thermodynamic theory of idealized heat engines.
This scientifically established the need for
compression to increase the difference between
the upper and lower working temperatures.
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_internal_combustion_engine
Hard to improve old technologies
 1838: a patent was granted to William Barnet
(English). This was the first recorded suggestion of
in-cylinder compression.
 1854-57: Eugenio Barsanti & Felice Matteucci
invented an engine that was rumored to be the first
4-cycle engine, but the patent was lost.
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_internal_combustion_engine
 It does not mean “do not use old technologies”, it
means use the best ones
Cell Phone Evolution
Ferdinand Porsche
(3 September 1875 – 30 January 1951
1898, System Lohner-Porsche
Volkswagen Beetle. From 1938 until 2003.
What to do?
 Innovate
 Follow good examples
New Technologies
EDF (Electricite de France)
http://energy.edf.com/edf-fr-accueil/edf-and-power-generation-122160.html
 EDF, one of the European leaders in the energy
field, operates the largest electricity generation
capacity, 95% of which does not emit any
greenhouse gases. The competitiveness of EDF’s
generation facilities is based on diversity,
performance and safety of its means of generation.
http://www.worldnuclear.org/info/inf40.html
 France derives over 75% of its electricity from
nuclear energy.
 This is due to a long-standing policy based on energy
security.
 France is the world's largest net exporter of
electricity
 Due to its very low cost of generation, and gains over
EUR 3 billion per year from this.
http://energy.edf.com/edf-fr-accueil/edf-and-powergeneration-122160.htm
 EDF, the world’s
leading nuclear power
utility, operates a
French nuclear fleet
consisting of 58
reactors spread over
19 different sites
l
http://energy.edf.com/edf-fr-accueil/edf-and-powergeneration-122160.html
 Due to be commissioned in
2012, the EPR plant will
constitute the first version
of a new generation of
reactors.
 Preparing for the
replacement of EDF’s
nuclear power plants,
as the oldest ones
could be
decommissioned in
around 2020.
http://energy.edf.com/edf-fr-accueil/edfand-power-generation-122160.html
 Since 1996, the EDF
Group has operated the
first and only geothermal
power plant in the world to
generate electricity on a
commercial basis. The
power plant is located at
Bouillante in Guadeloupe.
•The ITER fusion reactor has been designed to produce
500 megawatts of output power while needing 50
megawatts to operate.
•Thereby the machine aims to demonstrate the principle
of producing more energy from the fusion process than
is used to initiate it, something that has not yet been
achieved in any fusion reactor.
•Construction of the ITER Tokamak complex started in
2013 and the building costs are now US$16 billion,
some 3 times the original figure.
•The facility is expected to finish its construction phase
in 2019 and will start commissioning the reactor that
same year and initiate plasma experiments in 2020 with
full deuterium-tritium fusion experiments starting in
2027
Lockheed Martin
 Group said it to plans test a compact fusion reactor
in less than a year
 It then hopes to build a prototype of its device in
around five years
•Compact nuclear fusion would produce far less
waste than coal-powered plants since it would
use deuterium-tritium fuel, which can generate
nearly 10 million times more energy than the
same amount of fossil fuels, the company said.
•Ultra-dense deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen,
is found in the Earth's oceans, and tritium is
made from natural lithium deposits
•It said future reactors could use a different fuel
and eliminate radioactive waste completely.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2794131/Lockheed-says-makes-breakthrough-fusion-energy-project.html
Compact Fusion Reactor (CFR)
 Fusion works by using two kinds of hydrogen
atoms — deuterium and tritium — and injecting
that gas into a containment vessel.
 Scientist then add energy that removes the
electrons from their host atoms, forming what is
described as an ion plasma.
 Lockheed has found a way to constrain the
plasma, using what is called a compact fusion
reactor (CFR) with a specifically shaped magnetic
field inside.
In 1964, Kardashev defined three
levels of civilizations
 Type I: "Technological level close to the level presently
attained on earth, with energy consumption at ≈4×1019
erg/sec[1] (4 × 1012 watts.)
 Type II: "A civilization capable of harnessing the energy
radiated by its own star (for example, the stage of
successful construction of a Dyson sphere), with energy
consumption at ≈4×1033 erg/sec
 Type III: "A civilization in possession of energy on the scale
of its own galaxy, with energy consumption at ≈4×1044
erg/sec.
 The erg is the standard unit of energy in the centimeter-gram-second
Michio Kaku
Type 0 civilization
 Extracts its energy, information, raw-materials from
crude organic-based sources (i.e. food/wood/fossil
fuel/books/oral tradition);
 Pressures via natural disaster, selection, and
societal collapse creates extreme (99.9%) risk of
extinction; it's capable of orbital spaceflight.
Being Green can be Cool
Being Green can be Cool
 Renault Fluence EV to Cost Significantly Less
Than Gasoline Version

http://allworldcars.com/wordpress/?p=15654
The BMW i3
Humanity, Nature, and Technology:
The Hannover Principles
 The City of Hannover, Germany, was designated
as the site of the world exposition in the year 2000.
 The city decided to directly address the difficult
issue of imagining and encouraging a sustainable
future.
THE HANNOVER PRINCIPLES
1. Insist on rights of humanity and nature to co-exist in a healthy,
2.
3.
4.
5.
supportive, diverse and sustainable condition.
Recognize interdependence. The elements of human design interact
with and depend upon the natural world, with broad and diverse
implications at every scale. Expand design considerations to
recognizing even distant effects.
Respect relationships between spirit and matter. Consider all aspects
of human settlement including community, dwelling, industry and trade
in terms of existing and evolving connections between spiritual and
material consciousness.
Accept responsibility for the consequences of design decisions upon
human well-being, the viability of natural systems and their right to coexist.
Create safe objects of long-term value. Do not burden future
generations with requirements for maintenance or vigilant
administration of potential danger due to the careless creation of
products, processes or standards.
THE HANNOVER PRINCIPLES
6.
7.
8.
9.
Eliminate the concept of waste. Evaluate and optimize the full lifecycle of products and processes, to approach the state of natural
systems. in which there is no waste.
Rely on natural energy flows. Human designs should, like the living
world, derive their creative forces from perpetual solar income.
Incorporate this energy efficiently and safely for responsible use.
Understand the limitations of design. No human creation lasts
forever and design does not solve all problems. Those who create
and plan should practice humility in the face of nature. Treat nature
as a model and mentor, not as an inconvenience to be evaded or
controlled.
Seek constant improvement by the sharing of knowledge.
Encourage direct and open communication between colleagues,
patrons, manufacturers and users to link long term sustainable
considerations with ethical responsibility, and re-establish the
integral relationship between natural processes and human activity.
One passenger 60 mph
F  C rr  M  g  C d  A 
F : force
C rr : coefficien t of rolling resis tan ce
M : mass
g : accelerati on of gravity
C d : drag coefficien t
A : frontal area
rho : air density
v : speed
Car
Occupants
lbs
2,500.00
2,300.00
200.00
Crr
Asphalt
0.03
g
m/(s^2)
9.80
1
 rho  v 2 M
2
CdA
rho
ft^2
6.50
kg
1,132.50
1 Gal Gasoline
132,000,000.00 J
Useful 15%
19,800,000
F=
W = Fd =
Gals
m^2
0.60
kg/m^3
1.20
v
milesph
60.00
kmph
96.54
mps
26.82
d
miles
24.00
km
38.62
m
38,616.00
This is what you spend when you break
1/2Mv^2
407,209.41
593.51
22,919,091.24
1.16
Changing Car weight
F  C rr  M  g  C d  A 
1
 rho  v 2
2
F : force
C rr : coefficien t of rolling resis tan ce
M : mass
g : accelerati on of gravity
C d : drag coefficien t
A : frontal area
rho : air density
v : speed
lbs
kg
1 Gal Gasoline
Changing Speed
F  C rr  M  g  C d  A 
1
 rho  v 2
2
F : force
C rr : coefficien t of rolling resis tan ce
M : mass
g : accelerati on of gravity
C d : drag coefficien t
A : frontal area
rho : air density
v : speed
lbs
kg
1 Gal Gasoline
Carpooling
F  C rr  M  g  C d  A 
1
 rho  v 2
2
F : force
C rr : coefficien t of rolling resis tan ce
M : mass
g : accelerati on of gravity
C d : drag coefficien t
A : frontal area
rho : air density
v : speed
lbs
kg
1 Gal Gasoline