c. 33,000 – 8,000 B.C. First humans cross into Americas from Asia c. 5000 B.C Corn is developed as a staple crop in highland Mexico c. 4000 B.C. Frist civilized societies develop in the Middle East c. 1200 B.C. Corn planting reaches present-day American Southwest c. A.D. 1000 Norse voyages discover and briefly settle in northeastern North America
Corn cultivation reaches Midwest and southeastern Atlantic seaboard c. A.D. 1100 Height of Mississippi settlement at Cahokia c. A.D. 1100-1300 Christian crusades arouse European interest in the East
1295 Marco Polo returns to Europe
Late 1400s Spain becomes united
1488 Díaz rounds southern tip of Africa
1492 Columbus lands in the Bahamas
1494 Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal
1498 Da Gama reaches India
Cabot explores northeastern coast of North America for England
1513 Balboa claims all lands touched by the Pacific Ocean for Spain
1513, 1521 Ponce de León explores Florida
1517 Martin Luther begins Protestant Reformation
1519- 1521 Cortés conquers Mexico for Spain
1522 Magellan’s vessel completes circumnavigation of the world
1524 Verrazano explores eastern seaboard of North America for France
1532 Pizarro crushes Incans
1534 Cartier journeys up the St. Lawrence River
1536 John Calvin of Geneva publishes Institutes of the Christian Religion
1539- 1542 De Soto explores the Southeast and discovers the Mississippi River
1540-1542 Coronado explores present-day Southwest
1542 Cabrillo explores California coast for Spain
1558 Elizabeth I becomes queen of England
1565 Spanish build fortress at St. Augustine c. 1565-1590 English crush Irish uprising
1577 Drake circumnavigates the globe
1585 Raleigh founds “lost colony” at Roanoke
1588 England defeats Spanish Armada
Late 1500s Iroquois Confederacy founded, according to Iroquois legend

1598 Edict of Nantes c. 1598- 1609 Spanish under Oñate conquer Pueblo peoples of Rio Grande valley
1603 James I becomes king of England
1604 Spain and England sign peace treaty
1607 Virginia colony founded at Jamestown
1608 Champlain colonizes Quebec for France
1609 Spanish found New Mexico
1612 Rolfe perfects tobacco culture in Virginia
1614 First Anglo-Powhatan War ends
1619 First Africans arrive in Jamestown
Virginia House of Burgesses established
1620 Pilgrims sail on Mayflower to Plymouth Bay
1624 Virginia becomes royal colony
Dutch found New Netherlands
1625 Population of English colonies in America about 2,000
1629 Charles I dismisses Parliament and persecutes Puritans
1630 Puritans found Massachusetts Bay Colony
1634 Maryland colony founded
1635- 1636 Roger Williams convicted of heresy and founds Rhode Island colony
1636 Harvard College founded
1635- 1638 Connecticut and New Haven colonies founded
1637 Pequot War
1638 Anne Hutchinson banished from Massachusetts colony
1639 Connecticut’s Fundamental Orders drafted
1640s Large scale slave-labor system established in English West Indies
1642- 1648 English Civil War
1643 New England Confederation formed
Louis XIV becomes king of France
1644 Second Anglo-Powhatan War
1649 Act of Toleration in Maryland
Charles I beheaded, Cromwell rules England
1650 William Bradford completes Of Plymouth Plantation
First Navigation Laws to control colonial commerce
1655 New Netherlands conquers New Sweden
1660 Charles II restored to English throne

1661 Barbados slave code adopted
1662 Half-Way Covenant for Congregational Church membership established
1664 England seizes New Netherlands from Dutch
East and West Jersey colonies founded
1670 Carolina colony created
Virginia assembly disfranchises landless freemen
1675- 1676 King Philips War
1676 Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia
1680s French expedition down Mississippi River to Gulf of Mexico under La Salle (1682)
Mass expansion of slavery in colonies
1681 William Penn founds Pennsylvania colony
1686 Royal authority creates Dominion of New England
1688-1689 Glorious Revolution overthrows Stuarts and Dominion of New England
1689-1691 Leisler’s Rebellion in New York
1689-1697 King Williams War (War of the League of Augsburg)
1692 Salem witch trials in Massachusetts
1693 College of William and Mary founded
1696 Board of Trade assumes governance of colonies
1698 Royal African Company slave trade monopoly ended
1700s First Shaker communities formed c. 1700-1800 New Indian peoples move onto Great Plains
1700 Population of English colonies in America about 250,000
1701 Yale College founded
1702-1713 Queen Anne’s War (War of Spanish Succession)
1711- 1713 Tuscarora War in North Carolina
1712 North Carolina formally separates from South Carolina
New York City slave revolt
1715- 1716 Yamasee War in South Carolina
1718 French found New Orleans
1721 Smallpox inoculation introduced
1732 First edition of Franklin’s Poor Richard’s Almanack
1733 Georgia colony founded
1734 Jonathan Edwards begins Great Awakening
1734-1735 Zenger free-press trial in New York
1738 George Whitefield spreads Great Awakening

1739 South Carolina slave revolt
War of Jenkins’s Ear
1744-1748 King George’s War (War of Austrian Succession)
1746 Princeton College founded c. 1750 Industrial Revolution begins in Britain
1754 Washington battles French on frontier
Albany Plan
1754-1763 Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War)
1755 Braddock’s defeat
1757 Pitt emerges as leader of British government
1759 Battle of Quebec
1760 Britain vetoes South Carolina anti-slave trade measures
1763 Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War) Ends
Peace of Paris
Pontiac’s uprising
Proclamation of 1763
1764 Paxton Boys march on Philadelphia
Brown College founded
Sugar Act
1765 Quartering Act
Stamp Act
Stamp Act Congress
1766 Rutgers College founded
Declaratory Act
1767 Townshend Acts
New York legislature suspended by Parliament
1768 British troops occupy Boston
1769-1771 Regulator protests
1769 Serra founds first California mission, at San Diego
Dartmouth College founded
1770 Boston Massacre
All Townshend Acts except tea tax repealed
1772 Committees of correspondence formed
1773 British East India Company granted tea monopoly
Governor Hutchinson’s actions provoke Boston Tea Party
1774 “Intolerable Acts”
Quebec Act
First Continental Congress meets (calls for abolition of slave trade)

The Association boycotts British goods
1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord
Second Continental Congress
Americans capture British garrisons at Ticonderoga and Crown Point
Battle of Bunker Hill
King George III formally proclaims colonies in rebellion
Failed invasion of Canada
Philadelphia Quakers found world’s first antislavery society
1776 Paine’s Common Sense
Declaration of Independence
Battle of Trenton
New Jersey constitution temporarily gives women the vote
1777 Battle of Brandywine
Battle of Germantown
Battle of Saratoga
Articles of Confederation adopted by Second Continental Congress
1778 Formation of French-American alliance
Battle of Monmouth
1778-1779 Clark’s victories in the West
1780 Massachusetts adopts first constitution drafted in convention and ratified by popular vote
1781 Battle of King’s Mountain
Battle of Cowpens
Greene leads Carolina campaign
French and Americans force Cornwallis to surrender at Yorktown
Articles of Confederation put into effect
1782 North’s ministry collapses in Britain
1783 Treaty of Paris
Military officers from Society of the Cincinnati
1784 Treaty of Fort Stanwix
1785 Land Ordinance of 1785
1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
Shay’s Rebellion
Meeting of five states to discuss revisions of the Articles of Confederation
1787 Northwest Land Ordinance of 1787
Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia
1788 Ratification by nine states guarantees a new government under the Constitution
1789 Constitution formally put into effect
Judiciary Act of 1789

Washington elected president
French Revolution begins
1790 First official census
1791 Bill of Rights adopted
Vermont becomes fourteenth state
Bank of the United Sates created Excise tax passed
Samuel Slater builds first U.S. textile factory
1792 Washington reelected president
1792-1793 Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties formed
1793 Louis XVI beheaded; radical phase of French Revolution
France declares war on Britain and Spain
Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation
Citizen Genêt affair
Eli Whitney invents cotton gin (Transforms southern economy)
1794 Whiskey Rebellion
Battle of Fallen Timbers
Jay’s Treaty with Britain
Thomas Paine publishes The Age of Reason
1795 Treaty of Greenville: Indian cede Ohio
Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain
University of North Carolina founded
1796 Washington’s Farewell Address
1797 Adams becomes president
XYZ Affairs
1798 Whitney develops interchangeable parts for muskets
1798-1799 Virginia and Kentucky resolutions
1798-1800 Undeclared war with France
1800 Convention of 1800: peace with France
Jefferson defeats Adams for presidency (“Revolution” of 1800)
Second Great Awakening begins
Gabriel slave rebellion in Virginia
1801 Judiciary Act of 1801
1801-1805 Naval war with Tripoli
1802 Revised naturalization law
Judiciary Act of 1801 repealed
1803 Marbury v. Madison
Louisiana Purchase
1804 Jefferson reelected president

Impeachment of Justice Chase
1804-1806 Lewis and Clark expedition
1805 Peace treaty with Tripoli
1805-1807 Pike’s explorations
1806 Burr treason trial
1807 Chesapeake affair
Embargo Act
Robert Fulton’s first steamboat
Embargo spurs American manufacturing
1808 Madison elected president
Congress outlaws slave trade
1809 Non-Intercourse Act replaces Embargo Act
1810 Macon’s Bill No. 2
Napoleon announces (falsely) repeal of blockade decrees
Madison reestablishes nonimportation against Britain
Fletcher v. Peck ruling asserts right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws deemed unconstitutional
1811 Battle of Tippecanoe
Cumberland Road construction begins
1812 United States declares war on Britain
Madison reelected president
1812-1813 American invasion of Canada fails
1813 Battle of the Thames
Battle of Lake Erie
1814 Battle of Plattsburg
British burn Washington
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
Treaty of Ghent signed ending War of 1812
1814-1815 Hartford Convention
1815 Battle of New Orleans
1816 Second Bank of the United Sates founded
Protectionist Tariff of 1816
Monroe elected president
1817 Madison vetoes Calhoun’s Bonus Bill
Rush-Bagot agreement limits naval armament on Great Lakes
Eire Canal construction begins
American Colonization Society formed
1818 Treaty of 1818 with Britain
Jackson invades Florida

1819 Panic of 1819
Spain cedes Florida to United States
McCulloch v. Maryland
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
Jefferson founds University of Virginia
1820 Missouri Compromise
Missouri and Maine admitted to Union
Land Act of 1820
Monroe reelected
New England missionaries arrive in Hawaii
1821 Cohens v. Virginia
James Fennimore Cooper publishes The Spy, his first successful novel
Emma Willard establishes Troy (New York) Female Seminary
1822 Vesey slave conspiracy in Charleston, South Carolina
Republic of Liberia established in Africa
1823 Secretary Adams proposes Monroe Doctrine
Mexico opens Texas to American settlers
1824 Russo-American Treaty of 1824
Gibbons v. Ogden
Lack of electoral majority for presidency throws election into the House of Representatives
1825 Erie Canal completed
House elects John Quincy Adams president
New Harmony commune established
1826 American Temperance Society founded
1828 Tariff of 1828 (“Tariff of Abomination”)
Jackson elected President
The South Carolina Exposition published
First railroad in the United Sates
Noah Webster publishes dictionary
American Peace Society founded
1829 David Walker publishes Appeal to the Colored Citizen of the World
1830s Cyrus McCormick invents mechanical mower-reaper
1830 Indian Removal Act
Joseph Smith founds Mormon Church
Godey’s Lady’s Book first published
1830-1831 Charles Grandison Finney conducts revivals in eastern cities
1831 Nat Turner slave rebellion in Virginia
Garrison begins publishing The Liberator

1831-1832 Virginia legislature debates slavery and emancipation
1832 “Bank War” – Jackson vetoes bill to recharter Bank of the United States
Tariff of 1832
Black Hawk War
Jackson defeats Clay for Presidency
1832-1833 South Carolina nullification crisis
1833 Compromise Tariff of 1833
Jackson removes federal deposits from Bank of the United States
British abolish slavery in the West Indies
American Anti-Slavery Society founded
1834 Anti-Catholic riot in Boston
Abolitionist students expelled from Lane Theological Seminary
1835 Lyceum movement flourishes
U.S. Post Office orders destruction of abolitionist mail
“Broadcloth Mob” attacks Garrison
1836 Bank of the United States expires
Specie Circular issued
Bureau of Indian Affairs established
Battle of the Alamo
Battle of San Jacinto
Texas wins independence from Mexico
Van Buren elected president
House of Representatives passes “Gag Resolution”
1837 Seminole Indians defeated and eventually removed from Florida
United States recognizes Texas republic but refuses annexation
Panic of 1837
John Deere develops steel plow
Oberlin College admits female students
Mary Lyon establishes Mount Holyoke Seminary
Ralph Waldo Emerson delivers “The American Scholar” address
Mob kills abolitionist Lovejoy in Alton, Illinois
Canadian rebellion and Caroline incident
1838-1839 Cherokee Indians removed on “Trail of Tears”
1839 Theodore Dwight Weld publishes American Slavery as It Is
1840 Independent treasury established
Harrison defeats Van Buren for Presidency
President Van Buren establishes ten-hour day for federal employees
Antislavery Liberty party organized
1841 Brook Farm commune established
Harrison dies after four weeks in office
Tyler assumes presidency

1842 Massachusetts declares labor unions legal in Commonwealth v. Hunt
Aroostook War over Maine boundary
Webster-Ashburn treaty
1844 Polk defeats Clay in “Manifest Destiny” election
1843 Dorthea Dix petitions Massachusetts legislature on behalf of the insane
1843-1868 Era of Clipper ships
1844 Samuel Morse invents telegraph
Anti-Catholic riot in Philadelphia
Caleb Cushing signs Treaty of Wanghia with China
1845-1849 Potato famine in Ireland
1845 Fredrick Douglass publishes Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass
United States annexes Texas
1846 Elias Howe invents sewing machine
Walker Tariff
Independent treasury restored
United States settles Oregon dispute with Britain
United States and Mexico clash over Texas border
Kearney takes Santa Fe
Frémont conquers California
Wilmot Proviso passes House of Representatives
1846-1847 Mormon migration to Utah
1847 Battle of Buena Vista
Scott takes Mexico City
1846-1848 Mexican-American War
1848 First general incorporation laws in New York
Democratic revolutions collapse in Germany
Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention held
Oneida Community established
Free Soil party organized
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (ends Mexican-American War)
Taylor defeats Cass and Van Buren for presidency
1849 Americans, or Know-Nothing, Party formed
California Gold Rush
1850 Nathanial Hawthorne publishes The Scarlet Letter
Fillmore assumes presidency after Taylor’s death
Compromise of 1850, including Fugitive Slave Law
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty with Britain
1851 Herman Melville publishes Moby Dick
Maine passes first law prohibiting liquor

1852 Cumberland Road completed
Pierce defeats Scoot for Presidency
Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom’s Cabin
1853 Gadsden Purchase from Mexico
1854 Commodore Perry opens Japan
Ostend Manifesto proposes seizure of Cuba
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Republican Party organized
Kansas-Nebraska Act
1855 Walt Whitman publishes Leaves of Grass
1856 William Walker becomes president of Nicaragua and legalizes slavery
Buchanan defeats Frémont and Fillmore for presidency
Sumner beaten by Brooks in Senate chamber
Brown’s Pottawatomie Massacre
1856-1860 Civil war in “bleeding Kansas”
1857 Dred Scott decision
Lecompton Constitution rejected
Panic of 1857
Tariff of 1857
Hinton R. Helper Publishes The Impending Crisis of the South
1858 Cyrus field lays first transatlantic cable
Lincoln-Douglass debates
Pikes Peak gold rush
1859 Brown raids Harpers Ferry
Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species
Nevada Comstock Lode discovered
1860 Pony Express established
Lincoln wins four-way race for presidency
South Carolina secedes from the Union
Crittenden Compromise fails
1861 First transcontinental telegraph
Seven seceding states from Confederate States of America
Confederate government formed
Lincoln takes office (March 4)
Fort Sumter fired upon (April 12)
Four upper South states secede (April – June)
Morrill Tariff Act passed
Trent affair
Lincoln suspends writ of habeas corpus
First Battle of Bull Run

1862 Confederacy enacts conscription Homestead Act
Grant takes Fort Henry and Fort Donelson
Battle of Shiloh
McClellan’s Peninsula Campaign
Seven Days’ Battles
Second Battle of Bull Run
Naval battle of the Merrimack (the Virginia) and the Monitor
Battle of Antietam
Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation
Battle of Fredericksburg
Northern army seizes New Orleans
Congress authorizes transcontinental railroad
Morrill Act provides public land for higher education
Homestead Act
1862-1864 Alabama raids Northern shipping
1863 Union enacts conscription
New York City draft riots
National Banking System established
Final Emancipation Proclamation
Battle of Chancellorsville
Battle of Gettysburg
Fall of Vicksburg
Fall of Port Hudson
Lincoln announces “10 percent” Reconstruction plan
1863-1864 Napoleon III installs Archduke Maximilian as emperor of Mexico
1864 Alabama sunk by Union warship
Sherman’s march through Georgia
Grant’s Wilderness Campaign
Battle of Cold Harbor
Lincoln defeats McClellan for presidency
Lincoln vetoes Wade-Davis Bill
Sand Creek massacre
Nevada admitted to Union
1865 Hampton Roads Conference
Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox
Lincoln assassinated
Thirtieth Amendment ratified
Johnson issues Reconstruction proclamation
Congress refuses to seat Southern congressmen
Freedman’s Bureau establishes

Southern states pass Black Codes
1866 Permanent transatlantic cable established
Congress passes Civil Rights Bill over Johnson’s veto
Congress passes Fourteenth Amendment
Johnson-backed candidates lose congressional election
Ex parte Milligan case
Ku Klux Klan founded
National Labor Union organized
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) created
1867 Reconstruction Act
Tenure of Office Act
United States purchases Alaska from Russia
National Grange organized
1868 Johnson impeached and acquitted
Johnson pardons Confederate leaders
Grant defeats Seymour for the presidency
1869 Fisk and Gould corner the gold market
Transcontinental railroad joined near Ogden, Utah
Knights of Labor organized
Wyoming Territory grants women the right to vote
1870 Fifteenth Amendment ratified
Standard Oil Company organized
1870-1871 Forces Act
1871 Tweed scandal in New York
Woodhull and Claflin’s Weekly published
1872 Freedman’s Bureau ended
Crédit Mobilier scandal exposed
Liberal Republicans break with Grant
Grant defeats Greeley for Presidency
Metaphysical Club meets in Cambridge, Massachusetts
1873 Panic of 1873
Comstock Law
1874 Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WTCU) organized
Chautauqua education movement launched
1875 Whiskey Ring scandal
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Resumption Act
1876 Hayes-Tilden election standoff and crisis
Alexander Gram Bell invents telephone
John Hopkins University graduate school established
Battle of Little Bighorn
Colorado admitted to the Union

1877 Compromise of 1877
Reconstruction ends
Railroad strikes paralyze nation
Nez Percé Indian War
1879 Thomas Edison invents electric light
Henry George publishes Progress and Poverty
Dumbbell tenement introduced
Mary Baker Eddy establishes Christian Science
Salvation Army begins work in America
1880 Garfield defeats Hancock for Presidency
1881 Garfield assassinated; Arthur assumes presidency
Booker T. Washington becomes head of Tuskegee Institute
American Red Cross founded
Barnum and Bailey first join to stage the “Greatest Show on Earth”
Helen Hunt Jackson publishes A Century of Dishonor
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act (first immigration-restriction law)
1883 Civil Rights Cases
Pendleton Act sets up Civil Service Commission
Brooklyn Bridge completed
Metropolitan Opera House built in New York
1884 Cleveland defeats Blaine for presidency
Mark Twain publishes The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Federal government outlaws Indian Sun Dance
1885 Louis Sullivan builds the first skyscraper, in Chicago
Linotype invented
1885-1890 Local chapters of Farmers Alliance formed
1886 Haymarket Square bombing
Wabash case
American Federation of Labor formed
Statue of Liberty erected in New York harbor
1887 Intercourse Commerce Act
American Protective Society Association (APA) formed
Hatch Act supplements Morrill Act
Dawes Severalty Act
1888 Harrison defeats Cleveland for presidency
Edward Bellamy publishes Looking Backwards
American all-star baseball team tours world

1889 Thomas B. “Czar” Reed becomes Speaker of the House of Representatives
Jane Addams founds Hull House in Chicago
Oklahoma opened to Settlement
Samoa crisis with Germany
Pan-American Conference
1889-1890 North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, and Wyoming admitted to Union
1890 “Billion-Dollar” Congress
McKinley Tariff Act
Sherman Silver Purchase Act (repealed 1893)
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
National American Woman Suffrage Association formed
Census Bureau declares frontier line ended
Emergence of People’s party (Populist)
Battle of Wounded Knee
Alfred T. Mahan publishes The Influence of Sea Power upon History
1891 Basketball invented
New Orleans crisis with Italy
1892 Homestead steel strike
Coeur d’Alene (Idaho) silver miner’s strike
People’s party candidate James B. Weaver wins twenty-two electoral votes
Populist Party candidate James B. Weaver polls more than 1 million votes in presidential election
Cleveland defeats Harrison and Weaver to regain presidency
Valparaiso crisis with Chile
1893 Depression of 1893
Lillian Wald opens Henry Street Settlement in New York
Anti-Saloon League formed
Columbian Exposition held in Chicago
Frederick Jackson Turner publishes “The Significance of the Frontier in American History”
Pribilof Island dispute with Canada
White planter revolt in Hawaii
Cleveland refuses Hawaii annexation
1894 Wilson-Gorman Tariff (contains income-tax provisions; declared unconstitutional 1895)
Republicans regain House of Representatives
“Coxey’s Army” marches on Washington Pullman strike
1895 J.P. Morgan’s banking syndicate loans $65 million in gold to federal government
Cubans revolt against Spain
1895-1896 Venezuelan boundary crisis with Britain
1896 Plessy v. Ferguson legitimizes “separate but equal” doctrine
Utah admitted to the Union
McKinley defeats Bryan for presidency
1897 Library of Congress opens
Dingley Tariff Act

1898 Charlotte Perkins Gilman publishes Women and Economics
Maine explosion in Havana Harbor
Spanish-American War Teller Amendment
Dewey’s victory at Manila Bay
Hawaii annexed
1899 Kate Chopin publishes The Awakening
Senate ratifies treaty acquiring Philippines
Emilio Aguinaldo launches rebellion against U.S. in Philippines
First American Open Dorr note
1900 Theodore Dreiser publishes Sister Carrie
Gold Standard Act
Hawaii receives full territorial status
Foraker Act for Puerto Rico
Boxer Rebellion and U.S. military expedition to China
Second Open Dorr note
McKinley defeats Bryan for Presidency
1901 United States Steel Corporation formed
Supreme Court Insular Cases
Platt Amendment
McKinley assassinated; Roosevelt becomes president
Filipino rebellion suppressed
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty with Britain gives U.S. exclusive right to build Panama Canal
Commission system established in Galveston, Texas
Progressive Robert La Follette elected governor of Wisconsin
1902 U.S. troops leave Cuba
Colombian senate rejects U.S. proposal for canal across Panama
Lincoln Steffens and Ida Tarbell publish muckraking exposés
Anthracite coal strike
Newlands Act
1903 Panamanian revolution against Columbia
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty gives U.S. control of Canal Zone in newly independent Panama
Department of Commerce and Labor established
Elkins Act
Wright brothers fly the first airplane
First story-sequence motion picture
1904 Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine
Northern Securities case
Roosevelt defeats Alton B. Parker for presidency
1904-1914 Construction of Panama Canal
1905 United States takes over Dominican Republic customs service
Roosevelt mediates Russo-Japanese peace treaty
Lochner v. New York

1906 San Francisco Japanese education crisis
Roosevelt arranges Algeciras Conference
Hepburn Act
Upton Sinclair publishes The Jungle
Meat Inspection Act
Pure Food and Drug Act
1906-1909 U.S. Marines occupy Cuba
1907 Henry Adams privately publishes The Education of Henry Adams
Oklahoma admitted to Union
Great White Fleet makes world voyage
“Roosevelt panic”
1907-1908 “Gentlemen’s Agreement” with Japan
1908 Root-Takahira agreement
Muller v. Oregon
Taft defeats Bryan for Presidency
Aldrich-Vreeland Act
1909 Payne-Aldrich Tariff
1910 Ballinger-Pinchot affair
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) founded
1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire
Standard Oil antitrust case
U.S. Steel Corporation antitrust suit
1912 Taft wins Republican nomination over Roosevelt
Wilson defeats Taft and Roosevelt for Presidency
RMS Titanic sinks during maiden voyage off coast of Newfoundland, Canada
1913 Underwood Tariff Act
Sixteenth Amendment (income tax)
Seventeenth Amendment passed (direct election of U.S. senators)
Federal Reserve Act
Huerta takes power in Mexico
1914 Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Federal Trade Commission established
U.S. occupation of Vera Cruz, Mexico
World War I begins in Europe
1915 La Follette Seaman’s Act
Lusitania torpedoed and suck by German U-Boat
U.S. Marines sent to Haiti
Council of National Defense established

1916 Sussex ultimatum and pledge
Workingmen’s Compensation Act
Federal Farm Loan Act
Warehouse Act
Adamson Act
Pancho Villa raids New Mexico
Brandeis appointed to Supreme Court
Jones Act
U.S. Marines sent to Dominican Republic
Wilson defeats Hughes for presidency
1917 Puerto Ricans granted U.S. citizenship
United States buys Virgin Islands from Denmark
Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare
Zimmerman note
United States enters World War I
Espionage Act of 1917
1918 Wilson proposes Fourteen Points
Sedition Act of 1918
Battle of Château-Thierry
Second Battle of the Maine
Meuse-Argonne offensive
Armistice ends World War I
1919 Paris Peace Conference and Treaty of Versailles
Wilson’s Pro-League tour and collapse
Eighteenth Amendment (prohibition of alcohol) passed
Volstead Act
Seattle general strike
Anderson publishes Winesburg,Ohio
American Legion founded
Chicago race riot
1919-1920 “Red Scare”
1920 Final Senate defeat of Versailles Treaty
Ninetieth Amendment (woman suffrage) passed
Harding defeats Cox for Presidency
Radio broadcasting begins
F. Scott Fitzgerald publishes The Side of Paradise
Sinclair Lewis publishes Main Street
Esch-Cummins Transportation Act
Merchant Marine Act

1921 Sacco-Vanzetti trail
Emergency Quota Act of 1921
Bureau of the Budget created
Veterans Bureau created
Capper-Volstead Act
1922 Sinclair Lewis publishes Babbitt
T. S. Eliot publishes “The Waist Land”
Five-Power Naval Treaty
Four-Power and Nine-Power Treaties on the Far East
Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
1923 Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) proposed
Adkins v. Children’s Hospital
Teapot Dome scandal
Herding dies; Coolidge assumes presidency
1924 Indians granted U.S. citizenship
Immigration Act of 1924
Adjusted Compensation Act for veterans
Dawes Plan for international finance
U.S. troops leave Dominican Republic
Coolidge wins three-way presidential election
1925 Scopes Trial
Florida real estate boom
F. Scott Fitzgerald publishes The Great Gatsby
Theodore Dreiser publishes An American Tragedy
1926 Langston Hughes publishes The Weary Blues
Ernest Hemingway publishes The Sun Also Rises
U.S. troops occupy Nicaragua
1927 Charles Lindbergh flies the Atlantic solo
First talking motion pictures
Sacco and Vanzetti executed
1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact
Hoover defeats Smith for presidency
Hoover takes goodwill tour of Latin America
1929 William Faulkner publishes The Sound and the Fury
Ernest Hemingway publishes A Farewell to Arms
Agricultural Marketing Act sets up Federal Farm Board
Stock-market crash
1930 Hawley-Smoot Tariff
1931 Japanese invade Manchuria

1932 Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) established
Norris- La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act
“Bonus Army” dispersed from Washington, D.C.
Roosevelt defeats Hoover for presidency
1933 Bank Holiday
Emergency Banking Relief Act
Beer and Wine Revenue Act
The Hundred Days Congress enacts AAA, TVA, HOLC, NRA, and PWA
Federal Securities Act
Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act
Twentieth Amendment (changed calendar of congressional sessions and date of presidential inauguration)
Twenty-first Amendment (Prohibition repealed)
FDR torpedoes London Economic Conference
United States recognizes Soviet Union
FDR declares Good Neighbor policy towards Latin America
1934 Gold Reserve Act
Securities and Exchange Commission authorized
Indian Reorganization Act
FHA established
Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act
Tydings-McDuffie Act provides for Philippine independence of July 4, 1946
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
1935 WPA established
Wagner Act
Resettlement Administration
Social Security Act
Public Utility Holding Company Act
Schechter “stick chicken” case
CIO organized
Mussolini invades Ethiopia
U.S. Neutrality Act of 1935
1936 Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act
Roosevelt defeats Landon for presidency
U.S. Neutrality Act of 1936
1936-1939 Spanish Civil War
1937 USHA established
Roosevelt announces “Court-packing” plan
U.S. Neutrality Act of 1937
Panay incident
Japan invades China
1938 Second AAA
Fair Labor Standards Act
Hitler seizes Austria

1939 Reorganization Act
Hatch Act
Hitler seizes all of Czechoslovakia
Nazi-Soviet pact
World War II begins in Europe with Hitler’s invasion of Poland
U.S. Neutrality Act of 1939
1940 Fall of France
Hitler invades Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, and Belgium
United States invokes first peacetime draft
Havana Conference
Battle of Britain
Bases-for-destroyers deal with Britain
FDR defeats Willkie for presidency
1941 Lead-Lease Act
Hitler attacks Soviet Union
Atlantic Charter
Japan attacks Pearl Harbor
United States declares war on Japan
Germany declares war on United States
Randolph plans black march on Washington
Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) established
1942 Japanese Americans sent to internment camps
Japan conquers the Philippines
Battle of the Coral Sea
Battle of Midway
United States invades North Africa
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) founded
1943 Allies hold Casablanca conference
Allies invade Italy
Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act
“Zoot-suit” riots in Los Angeles
Race riot in Detroit
Japanese driven from Guadalcanal
Teheran conference
1944 Korematsu v. U.S.
D-Day invasion of France
Battle of Marianas
Roosevelt defeats Dewey for presidency
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (GI Bill)
Bretton woods economic conference
Battle of the Bulge 1944-1945

1945 Roosevelt dies; Truman assumes presidency
Germany surrenders
Battle of Iwo Jima and Okinawa
Potsdam conference
Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Japan surrenders
Spock publishes The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care
Yalta Conference
United States ends lend-lease to USSR
United Nations (UN) established
1945-1946 Nuremburg war crimes trials in Germany
1946 Employment Act creates Council of Economic Advisers
Iran crisis
Kennan’s “Long Telegram” lays out “Containment Doctrine”
1946-1948 Tokyo war crimes trials
1947 Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
Taft-Hartley Act
National Security Act creates Department of Defense, National Security Council (NSC), and Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)
1948United States officially recognizes Israel
“Voice of America” begins radio broadcasts behind iron curtain
Hiss cases begin
Truman defeats Dewey for presidency
1948-1949 Berlin crisis
1949 NATO established
Communists defeat Nationalists in China
1950 American economy begins postwar growth
McCarthy red hunt begins
McCarran Internal Security Bill passed by Congress over Truman’s veto
1950-1953 Korean War
1951 Truman fires MacArthur
Rosenberg convicted of treason
1952 Unites States explodes first hydrogen bomb
Eisenhower defeats Stevenson for presidency
Ellison publishes Invisible Man
1953 CIA-engineered coup installs shah of Iran

1954 French defeated in Vietnam
Army-McCarthy hearings
Brown v. Board of Education
SEATO formed
First McDonald’s hamburger stand opens
CIA-sponsored coup in Guatemala
1955 Montgomery bus boycott by blacks begins; emergence of Martin Luther King, Jr.
Geneva summit meeting
Warsaw Pact signed
AF of L merges with CIO
Tennessee Williams’s Cat on a Hot Tin Roof first performed
1956 Soviets crush Hungarian revolt
Suez crisis
Eisenhower defeats Stevenson for presidency
Mills publishes The Power Elite
1957 Postwar peak of U.S. birthrate
Little Rock School desegregation crisis
Civil Rights Act passed
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) formed
Eisenhower Doctrine
Soviet Union launches Sputnik satellites
1958 U.S. troops sent to Lebanon
NDEA authorizes loans and grants for science and language education
Galbraith publishes The Affluent Society
1958-1959 Berlin crisis
1959 Castro leads Cuban revolution
Landrum-Griffin Act
Alaska and Hawaii attain statehood
1960 Sit-in movement for civil rights begins
U-2 incident sabotages Paris summit
OPEC formed
Kennedy defeats Nixon for presidency
1961 Berlin crisis and construction of Berlin Wall
Alliance for Progress
Bay of Pigs
Kennedy sends “military advisers” to South Vietnam
1962 Pressure from Kennedy results in rollback of steel prices
Trade Expansion Act
Laos neutralized
Cuban missile crisis

1963 Anti-Diem coup in South Vietnam
Civil rights march in Washington, D.C.
Kennedy assassinated; Johnson assumes presidency
1964 Twenty-fourth Amendemnt (abolishing poll tax in federal elections) ratified
“Freedom Summer” voter registration in South
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
Johnson defeats Goldwater for presidency
War on Poverty begins
Civil Rights Act
1965 Great Society legislation
Voting Rights Act
U.S. troops occupy Dominican Republic
1965-1968 Race riots in U.S. cities
Escalation of Vietnam War
1967 Six-Day War between Israel and Egypt
Monterey Pop Festival
1968 Tet offensive in Vietnam
Martin Luther King, Jr., and Robert Kennedy assassinated
Nixon defeats Humphrey and Wallace for presidency
1969 Stonewall Inn riot in New York City
Woodstock Music & Art Fair in White Lake, New York
Astronauts land on moon
1970 Nixon orders invasion of Cambodia
Kent State and Jackson State incidents
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) created
Clean Air Act
1971 Pentagon Papers published
1972 Twenty-sixth Amendment (lowering voting age to eighteen) passed
Nixon visits China and Soviet Union
Shanghai Communiqué begins “normalization” of U.S.-Chinese relations
ABM and SALT I treaties ratified
Nixon defeats McGovern for presidency
Equal Rights Amendment passes Congress (not ratified by states)
Title IX of Education Amendments passed
1973 U.S. birthrate falls below replacement level
Vietnam cease-fire and U.S. withdrawal
Agnew resigns; Ford appointed vice president
War Powers Act
Arab-Israeli war and Arab oil embargo
Endangered Species Act
Frontiero v. Richardson
Roe v. Wade

1973-1974 Watergate hearings and investigations
1974 Nixon resigns; Ford assumes presidency
First OPEC oil-price increase
International Energy Agency formed
Milliken v. Bradley
1975 Helsinki accords
South Vietnam falls to communists
1976 Carter defeats Ford for presidency
1978 Egyptian-Israeli Camp David agreement
United States v. Wheeler
1979 Iranian revolution and oil crisis
SALT II agreements signed (never ratified by Senate)
Soviet Union invades Afghanistan
1978-1981 Iranian hostage crisis
1980 Reagan defeats Carter for presidency
1981 Iran releases American hostages
“Reaganomics” spending and tax cuts passed
Solidarity movement in Poland
O’Connor appointed to Supreme Court (first woman justice)
1981-1991 United States aids antileftist forces in Central America
1982 Recession hits U.S. economy
1983 Regan announces SDI plan (Star Wars)
U.S. marines killed in Lebanon
U.S. invasion of Grenada
1984 Regan defeats Mondale for presidency
1985 Gorbachev comes to power in Soviet Union
First Regan-Gorbachev summit meeting, in Reykjavik, Iceland
1987 Senate rejects Supreme Court nomination of Robert Bork
U.S. naval escorts begin in Persian Gulf
Stock Market plunges 508 points
Third Regan-Gorbachev summit meeting, in Washington, D.C.; INF treaty signed
1988 Fourth Regan-Gorbachev summit meeting, in Moscow
Bush defeats Dukakis for presidency
1989 Chinese government suppresses prodemocracy demonstrators
Webster v. Reproductive Health Service
Eastern Europe throws off communist regimes
Berlin Wall torn down
1990 Iraq invades Kuwait
East and West Germany reunite
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

1991 Persian Gulf War
Thomas appointed to Supreme Court
Gorbachev resigns as Soviet president
Soviet Union dissolves; republics form Commonwealth of Independent States
1992 Twenty-seventh Amendment (prohibiting congressional pay raise from taking effect until an election seats a new session of Congress) ratified
Planned Parenthood v. Casey
Clinton defeats Bush and Perot for presidency
1993 NAFTA signed
1994 Republicans win majorities in both houses of Congress
1996 Welfare Reform Bill becomes law
Clinton defeats Dole for presidency
1998 Clinton-Lewinsky scandal
U.S. and Britain launch military strikes against Iraq
House of Representatives impeaches Clinton
1999 Senate acquits Clinton on impeachment charges
Kosovo crisis; NATO warfare with Serbia
Protest in Seattle against World Trade Organization (WTO)
2000 “Million Mom March” against guns in Washington, D.C.
U.S. normalizes trade relations with China
George W. Bush wins presidency in Electoral College, although Albert Gore takes popular vote
2001 Terrorists attack World Trade Center, Pentagon, and target White House in New York and Washington, D.C.
U.S. invades Afghanistan
Congress passes USA Patriot Act
Energy trader Enron collapses amid accounting scandal
2002 Congress passes “No Child Left Behind” Act
Bush labels Iraq, Iran, and North Korea and “Axis of Evil”
Telecommunications giant WorldCom declares bankruptcy
Congress authorizes use of force against Iraq
U.N. Security Council demands that Iraq Comply with weapons inspections
Republicans regain Senate
2003 North Korea withdraws from Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
U.S. invades Iraq
Bush signs drug prescription bill for seniors
Saddam Hussein is captured in Iraq
Supreme Court narrowly approves affirmative action
Arnold Schwarzenegger becomes California governor
2004 Gay marriage controversy erupts
Iraqi interim government is installed
George W. Bush defeats John Kerry for Presidency