Types of Cells
Cell Theory
 All living things are made up of
cells.
Cells are the smallest working units
of all living things.
 All cells come from preexisting cells
through cell division.
Definition of Cell
A cell is the smallest unit
that is capable of
performing life functions.
Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Bacteria
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
Two Types of Cells
•Prokaryotic
•Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
 Prokaryotic means
“before the nucleus.”
 Eukaryotic means
“true nucleus”
 Organisms: Bacteria
& Archaea
 Organisms: Plants,
Fungi, Protists,
Animals
 Divides by: Binary
fission
 Divides by: Mitosis
Prokaryotic
Do not have
structures
surrounded by
membranes
Few internal
structures
One-celled
organisms: Bacteria
and Archaea
Prokaryotic Cells
three shapes
Eukaryotic
 Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
 Most living organisms
Plant
Animal
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
Another look at the Animal Cell
Cell Parts
Organelles
Organelles
 Cell membrane
 Cell Wall
 Endoplasmic
reticulum(ER)
 Nucleus
 Ribosomes
 Nuclear Membrane
 Mitochondria
 Nucleolus
 Golgi Apparatus
 Centrosomes/Centrioles  Lysosomes
 Chromosomes
 Vacuole
 Cytoplasm
 Chloroplast
Cell Membrane
 the thin layer of protein
and fat that surrounds
the cell.
 semipermeable,
allowing some
substances to pass into
the cell and blocking
others.
How does the cell membrane work?
Has 2 layers of MOLECULES = BILAYER
Bi means two
The layers are made up of molecules
called phospholipids
Cell Membrane: PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Each phospholipids
has a HYDROPHOBIC
and HYDROPHILIC
end
•HYDRO = means water
•PHOBIC = means afraid
•PHILIC = means loving
Cell Membrane: PHOSPHOLIPIDS
 One end of the molecule is “afraid” of the
water and one end “loves” being in the water.
 Proteins are stuck inside the membrane
 Proteins are across the bi-layer and make
the holes that let ions and molecules in and
out of the cell
Cell Wall
 Most commonly
found in plant
cells & bacteria
 Supports &
protects cells
Nucleus
Directs cell
activities
Separated from
cytoplasm by
nuclear membrane
Contains genetic
material - DNA
Nuclear Membrane
Surrounds nucleus
Made of two layers
Openings allow
material to enter
and leave nucleus
Nucleolus
Inside nucleus
Contains RNA to build
proteins
Centrosome
 a small body located near the nucleus - it has a
dense center and radiating tubules
 where microtubules are made
 During cell division (mitosis), the centrosome
divides and the two parts move to opposite
sides of the dividing cell
 The centriole is the dense center of the
centrosome.
Chromosomes
 In nucleus
Made of DNA
 Contain
instructions for
traits &
characteristics
Cytoplasm
Gel-like material outside the cell
nucleus
Where the organelles are
located
Surrounded by cell membrane
Contains hereditary material
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Moves materials around in
cell
 Smooth type:
 lacks ribosomes
 Main function is to collect,
maintain & transport
things
 Creates steroids
 Rough type (pictured):
 ribosomes embedded in
surface
Ribosomes
 Made in nucleus
 Each cell contains thousands,
small dot like, floating around
the cell
 Make proteins
 There are two kinds of
ribosomes
 Attached to the rough ER
 floating in the cell cytoplasm
Mitochondria
 The “Power House “ of the Cell
 Produces energy through
chemical reactions – breaking
down fats & carbohydrates
 Controls level of water and other
materials in cell
 Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
 spherical to rod-shaped
organelles with a double
membrane
Golgi Bodies
 also called the Golgi Apparatus
or Golgi Complex
 Flattened, layered, sac-like
organelle that looks like a stack
of pancakes and is located near
the nucleus
 packages proteins and
carbohydrates into membranebound vesicles for "export"
 It produces the membranes
that surround the lysosomes
Lysosome
 A type of cell vesicles
 round organelles surrounded
by a membrane
 Digestive “plant” for proteins,
fats, and carbohydrates
 The enzymes bond to food &
digest it (acidic interior),
releasing smaller molecules
absorbed by the mitochondria
Vacuoles
 Membrane-bound
sacs for storage,
digestion, and waste
removal
 In a plant the Large
Vacuole contains
water solution and
helps maintain shape
 Plant Cell
 Animal Cell
Chloroplast
 Usually found in plant cells
 Contains green chlorophyll
 Where photosynthesis
takes place
 Photosynthesis : the process in
which plant use water, carbon
dioxide, and energy form the
sun to make food (glucose)
Plant vs. Animal Cells
 PLANT CELLS
 1.
Cell wall
 2. One large
vacuole
 3. Chloroplasts
 4. No lysosomes
 5. Rectangular
 6. Photosynthesis
 ANIMAL CELLS
No cell wall
 2. A few small
vacuoles
 3. No chloroplasts
 4. Lysosomes
 5. Roundish
 6. Respiration
 1.
REVIEW
Two Types of Cells: Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic
 Animal cells and plant cells are
Eukaryotic, but have some
differences
 Cells are made up of many
organelles, each having a specific
function