Cell Structure
& Function
http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html
CELLS
5 Kingdoms each containing
cells
Use Prezi to identify the 5
Kingdoms
Robert Hooke’s famous drawing of cork
cells
Cell Theory
• The cell was first discovered by Robert
Hooke in 1665. He examined very thin
slices of cork and saw a multitude of tiny
pores that he remarked looked like the
walled compartments of a honeycomb.
• Hooke called them cells
• However, Hooke did not know their real
structure or function. [1]
Cell Theory
• The first man to witness a live cell under a
microscope was Antonie van
Leeuwenhoek, who in 1674 described the
algae Spirogyra and named the moving
organisms animalcules, meaning "little
animals".[3].
• Leeuwenhoek probably also saw
bacteria.[4]
Spirogyra (Kingdom Protista)
Bones are made of cells
Muscles are made of cells
Plant
Cells
Red
Blood
Cells
Cells
Nerve cells
Nerve Cells
White Blood Cell
Red and White Blood Cells
Cells are either multicellular
(more than one)
or unicellular (one)
Animal and plant cells
eukaryotes
All plants are made of cells
Plants Cells
All animals are made of cells
Comparison of Cells
Cell Theory
Cells are the basic unit of structure
in every living thing.
All cells come from pre-existing
cells by division.
Cells contain hereditary
information (DNA) which is passed
from cell to cell during cell division
All cells are basically the same in
chemical composition.
Cell Theory
Cells are the basic unit of structure in
every living thing.
All known living things are made up of
cells.
Some organisms are unicellular, i.e.,
made up of only one cell.
Others are multicellular, composed of
a number of cells.
How many cells make up your body?
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My body is made of 1,000 cells
My body is made of 10,000 cells
My body is made of 100,000 cells
My body is made of 1,000,000 cells
My body is made of 10,000,000 cells
My body is made of 100,000,000 cells
My body is made of 1,000,000,000 cells
My body is made of 10,000,000,000 cells
My body is made of 100,000,000,000 cells
My body is made of 1,000,000,000,000 cells
What else is made of cells?
Blue green Bacteria sometimes called Blue green Algae
Algae
Volvox (Kingdom Protista)
Kelp forest (Algae)
(Kingdom Protista)
An Amoeba is unicellular
(Kingdom Protista)
Amoeba
• Unicellular: “freeliving” can operate
independently to
survive
• Example Volvox
• Multicellular: works
together with other
cells as a larger part
of the cell to survive
• Example:Human
Euglena are unicellular protist
Yeast Cells: kingdom fungi
(Fungi are made of cells)
Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Bacteria
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
Cell Organelles and Parts
• Organelle: membrane-bound
structure within a cell that has a
specific shape and function.
• Examples: Nucleus, Mitochondria,
Chloroplast
Cell Theory
• All living things are made up of cells.
• Cells are the smallest working units of all
living things.
• All cells come from preexisting cells
through cell division.
Definition of Cell
A cell is the smallest unit that is
capable of performing life
functions.
Types of Cells
• Cells can be subdivided into the following
subcategories:
• Prokaryotes: Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other
membrane-bound organelles (though they do contain
ribosomes). Bacteria are prokaryotes.
• Eukaryotes: Eukaryotes have a nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria,
chloroplasts, lysosomes, vacuoles,etc).
Bacteria are made of cells
called prokaryotes
Bacteria-Eubacteria “Pro”: 1st
Two Types of Cells
•Prokaryotic
•Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
• Do not have
structures
surrounded by
membranes
• Few internal
structures
• One-celled
organisms,
Bacteria
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html
Eukaryotic
• Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
• Most living organisms
Plant
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html
Animal
“Typical” Animal Cell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
“Typical” Plant Cell
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
Cell Parts
Organelles
Surrounding the Cell
Cell Membrane/Plasma
membrane
• Outer membrane of cell
that controls movement
in and out of the cell
• Double layer
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cell membrane
Plasma membrane
• Hydrophobic
heads and
hydrophilic tails
• Phospholipid
bilayer
• Large proteins
• cholesterol
Cell Wall
• Found in plant cells
& bacteria
• Supports & protects
cells (UV rays and
harsh conditions)
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Inside the Cell
Nucleus
• Directs cell activities
• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane
• Contains genetic material - DNA
Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Openings allow
material to enter and
leave nucleus
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Chromosomes
• Inside nucleus
• Made of DNA
• Contain instructions
for traits &
characteristics
• 46 total in each cell**
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Contains RNA to build
proteins
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cytoplasm
• A human cell system is
approximately 75% water
• The cytoplasm is the jelly-like watery
fluid that makes up the cell.
• Transports PROTEINS
Cytoplasm
• Gel-like mixture
• Surrounded by cell membrane
• Contains hereditary material
Microfilaments and Microtubule
• Helps to maintain
shape of the cell.
• Aid in cell division
(mitosis and
meiosis)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Moves materials around
in cell
• Smooth type: lacks
ribosomes
• Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in
surface
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Ribosomes
• Each cell contains
thousands
• Make proteins
(PROTEINS
SYNTHESIS)
• Found on ribosomes
& floating throughout
the cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Mitochondria
• Produces energy ATP
through chemical
reactions – breaking
down fats &
carbohydrates
• Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Golgi Bodies
• Protein 'packaging
plant'
• Move materials within
the cell
• Move materials out of
the cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Lysosome
• Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
(macromolecules)
• Transports undigested
material to cell
membrane for removal
• Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound
sacs for storage,
digestion, and waste
removal
• Contains water
solution
• Help plants maintain
shape
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Chloroplast
• Usually found in
plant cells
• Contains green
chlorophyll
(pigment)
• Where
photosynthesis
takes place
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
In Animal Cells only..Flagella
• Long whip like
extension used for
movement
In Animal Cells only..Centrioles
• Short tubes
necessary for cell
division
(reproduction)
In Animal Cells only..Cilia
• Short whiplike, hair like
extension on
the surface
of some cells
used for
movement
and
gathering.