Exam study guide answers
Exam answer Key
• 1. Diocletian:Restored order in the empire & increased
its
• strength
• Governed as an absolute ruler
• Severely limited personal freedoms
• Viewed Christianity as a threat
• He believed that the empire had grown too
• large & too complex for one man
• Divided the empire into two
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Western (Latin-speaking) and
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Eastern (Greek speaking)
• 1. Constantine:Gained control of the Western part of the
Empire
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In 330 AD moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium
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With Byzantium (Constantinople) was the new capital
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the center of power shifted from Rome to Constantinople
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The Western Roman Empire survive until 476 AD, when it
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ceased to have a Roman Emperor
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East Roman Empire became the Byzantine Empire survived
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and become Byzantine Empire
– 1. Justinian: Reconquest of former Roman
territories
– Expansion of trade
– Hagia Sophia, codified Roman law.
2. Easily fortified site , Projection of eastern frontier
and crossroads of trade
• 3. Eastern Orthodox Christianity
• Centered in Constantinople
• Close to seat of power after Constantinople became capital
• Use of Greek language in the liturgy
• Roman Catholic Church
• Centered in Rome
• Farther from seat of power after Constantinople became capital
• Use of Latin language in the liturgy
• Authority of the Pope eventually
accepted in the West
• Authority of the Patriarch accepted
in the East
• Practices such as celibacy eventually accepted in the West
• 4. Byzantine civilization influenced Russian
and Eastern European civilizations through its
religion, culture, and trade.
• Trade routes between Black Sea and Baltic Sea
• Adoption of Orthodox Christianity by Russia
and much of Eastern Europe
5. Adoption of Greek alphabet to the Slavic
languages by St. Cyril (Cyrillic alphabet)
6.The prophet created islam
– 7. Split over the question of who should have succeeded
Mohammed
– Successor of Muhammad
– Sunni (Majority) is selected or elected
– Shi’s (Minority) successor must be direct descendant of
the Prophet’s family
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8. Faith
Pray
Almsgiving
Fasting during the month of Ramadan
Hajj Pilgrimage to Mecca
9. Translation of ancient texts into Arabic
Universities
Arabic alphabet
Arabic numerals ( adapted from India) including zero
Algebra
Medicine
Expansion of geographic knowledge
10.Hejira: The journey of Muhammad and his supporters
from mecca to medina to escape persecution
Hajj: One of the five pillars of a Muslim a pilgrimage to
the holy city
Quran: The most holy text of Islam
Jihad: A holy war with the purpose of spreading Islam
• Ramadan: the ninth month of the Muslim year, during
which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset.
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11. Spread into the Fertile Crescent, Iran, and
Central Asia and into Spain
• Facilitated by weakening of Byzantine and
Persian Empires
– 12. The gradual decline of the Roman Empire, the Church
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was the institution that survived
Became the unifying force in western Europe
Monasteries preserved Greco-Roman cultural
achievements
Missionaries carried Christianity and the Latin alphabet to
the Germanic tribes
Local Parish priests served the social and religious needs of
the people
• 13. Feudalism is a Political System based on
Germanic Customs
• Feudalism is depended on who controls the
land*****
• Feudal system was based on mutual obligations, in
exchanged for military protection or other services to
the lord
• Society
– Powerful lords divide lands (fief) among lesser lords
(peasants and any towns/bldgs on land)
– Lesser lords (vassals) pledge service and loyalty (Vassals
could have fiefs from several lords
14. Franks emerged as a force in Western
Europe, Charlemagne
15. Angles and Saxons
16. Angles and Saxons, Muslims, Magyars and
Vikings, Shattered the Roman protection over
Europe. Invasions disrupted trade routes, towns
declined, and the feudal system was reinforced
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17. The Silk Road
The Indian Ocean trade network
The Trans-Saharan caravan route
The Northern and Eastern trade network
18. By 2500 B.C. the Saharan region had begun to dry up,
becoming a major obstacle for travelers, Disease traveled along
trade routes
– In 1347 A.D. the bubonic plague, better known as the Black
Death, reached Europe and killed millions
– The Black Death came from ports along the Black Sea, carried
by Italian merchant ships
• Another negative interaction was the beginning of the African
slave trade
– Africans were traded for goods in W. Africa and moved along the
Saharan caravan routes
– 19. Gold from W. Africa
– Spices from India and Indian ocean region
– Porcelain from China and Persia
– Textiles from India, China, the Mid-East, and
later Europe
• Amber from the Baltic region Paper from
China through the Muslim world to Byzantium
and Western Europe
– Improved navigational charts and lateen sail
came from the Indian Ocean Region
20. Buddhism from China to Korea and Japan
– Hinduism and Buddhism from India to Southeast Asia
– Islam from the Mideast to West Africa, Central and Southeast Asia
– Writing and Architecture
• 21. Axum became a Christian kingdom after 324 A.D, when
missionaries came to their ports
• The Axumites were known for their stelae: large, decorated stone
columns built to mark royal tombs
• In 1300 A.D., the nation of Zimbabwe had developed in southern
Africa
– Zimbabwe had developed along the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers
– The nation centered around their capital of Great Zimbabwe
• The people of Zimbabwe were efficient farmers and raised vast
herds of cattle
• 22. Ghana grew prosperous from the gold and salt
trade in West Africa
– Salt was necessary for flavoring and preserving foods
– This trade was taxed by the king of Ghana, who was also
a religious and military leader
• 23. Mali was expanded by their great king, Mansa
Musa
– He governed efficiently through provincial governors
– Numerous mosques were built under his rule
Sonni Ali, also known as Sunni Ali Ber or "Sunni Ali", was born
Ali Kolon. He reigned from about 1464 to 1492. Sunni Ali was
the first king of the Songhai Empire, located in west Africa and
the 15th ruler of the Sonni dynasty
24. Mesoamerican: Cultures from the region of
Central America and Mexico
25. The main cultural center of the Maya was the
city complex of Chichen Itza
• By 900 A.D. the Maya had developed:
– A written language
– A calendar
– Sophisticated mathematics and astronomy
• The Maya were gone by 1300 A.D.
• The reason for their destruction is a mystery,
though historians now believe it was a result of
overpopulation, drought, disease, or a
combination of those factors
• 26. Aztec civilization developed after the
Maya had fallen, in 1300 A.D.
• The Aztec lived in the central valley of Mexico
• Their capital city was Tenochtitlan They were
ruled over by an emperor
– Power was delegated to officials who ran the
empire
• Economy based on agriculture and
tribute from conquered peoples
• Polytheistic religion: Pyramids, rituals
– The Aztec were finally conquered in the 1500s
when the Spanish arrived in the Americas
• 27. Incan civilization was established in the
1400s A.D.
• They lived in South America, in the northern
Andes Mountain
• To link their empire, the Inca built a complex
system of roads
• Farming was a challenge in the Andes
Mountains. To meet this obstacle the Inca:
– Built sophisticated irrigation canals
– Terraced the hills and mountains The Inca, like
the Aztec, were also conquered by the
Spaniards in the 1500s
28. It is based on their agriculture and location.
29. A group of people who are ruled by one
central government who share a common
language and who feel a sense of loyalty to their
nation
30. The Hundred Years’ War between England
and France helped define England as a nation
• 31. William the Conqueror
– Leader of the Norman Conquest
– United most of England
32. Force to sign the Magna Carta
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Limited the power of the king
Guaranteed certain basic political rights
– No Taxation without representations
– Jury Trail
– Protection of the laws
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Considered the basic rights both n England and United States
Set up the Great Council
– Evolution of Parliament
33. The Hundred Years’ War between England and
France helped define England as a nation FRANCE,
Joan of Arc was an unifying factor A 17 Year old
peasant girl.
34. Ferdinand and Isabella unified the country and
expelled Muslim Moors
35. Ivan the Great threw off the rule of the Mongols
• Centralized power in Moscow
• Expanded the Russia nation
• Power was centralized in the hands of the Tsar
Ivan the terrible managed countless changes in the
progression from a medieval state to an empire and
emerging regional power, and became the first ruler
to be crowned as Tsar of All the Russia.
36. Desire to free the Holy Land
• Desire to win wealth and land
• Search for adventure
• Europeans’ desire to escape trouble at Home
37. Pope Urban’ s calls for a “holy war” to free the
holy Land 1096
• Founding of the Crusaders states
• Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin
• Sack of Constantinople
38.. Economy
– Increased trade throughout the Mediterranean area and the Middle East
– Money economy grew
• Monarchy
– Increase power of feudal monarchs
– Could collect taxes to support the Crusades
– Feudalism declined because power became more centralized
• Church
– Weaken the Pope
– Roman and Eastern Churches splits
• Worldview
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Increased contact with other peoples
Increased travel by Europeans
Wider world views
Weakened the Byzantine Empire
39. The bubonic plague, Decline in population
– Scarcity of labor
– Towns freed from Feudal obligations
– Decline of Church influence
– Disruption of trade
40. Wealth accumulated from Europe trade with Middle
East
• Wealth Merchants were active civic leaders
• Renaissance produced new ideas in art, philosophy, and
literature
41.Who is concerned with the interests and
welfare of humans
42. Church rule against usury and the practice of charging interest helped
to secularize northern Italy
 Letters of Credit served to expand the supply of money
 New accounting and bookkeeping practices ( use of Arabic
numerals)
43. Merchants: wealth, powerful class, & dominated
polities
Medici (MEHD id-chee)
44.. Middle Ages focused on The Church and salvation
– Renaissance focused on individuals and worldly matters,
along with Christianity
– Humanism
• Artists and Writers
– Petrarch: sonnets, humanist and scholarship
45. Leonardo Da Vinci, Mona Lisa and last supper Michelangelo Sistine chapel
and David Rafael: St. Peter's Basilica, Villa Madama
46. Machiavelli: the Prince and Petrarch: Laura
47.. Erasmus- The Praise of Folly (1511)
• Sir Thomas More- Utopia (1516)
William Shakespeare and Miguel de Cervantes: Renaissance Writers.
48. . Movable
type-printing press and the production
and sale of books helped disseminate ideas.
– Gutenberg Bible
49. Greece
50. Patrician and Plebeian MEN
51. Republic, representative government
52. Twelve tables
53. Punic Wars
54. A time of peace and prosperity
55. The bible
56. Colosseum
57. Roman Law: all citizens are equal before the law