Biology
Semester 2
2012-13
1/28/13
• Entry Task
• What are the 4 main kinds of biological
molecules?
• Which elements are most common in those?
• Notes on Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles
• Extra Time? Read about cycles of matter and
energy pages 41-49
Biological Macromolecules
• 1. carbohydrates – think “sugar”
• 2. lipids – think “fats”
• 3. proteins – think “lots of different
kinds…hair and skin and hormones are made
of these”
• 4. nucleic acid – think “genetic material like
DNA”
• Most common elements: C, H, O, N
1/29/13
• Entry Task
• Using arrows and words (flow chart) show a
possible cycle for carbon starting and ending
with the atmosphere.
• Finish notes on Nitrogen Cycle.
• Start Energy and Matter mini-posters.
Mini-posters: Cycles of Carbon,
Nitrogen and Energy
• MATTER:
– Choose and draw a plant and its herbivore.
– Add arrows to show the cycle of CARBON from the atmosphere to the
plant (photosynthesis) to the animal (cellular respiration) and back to
the atmosphere.
– You may use the molecular formulas“CO2” carbon dioxide and
“C6H12O6” glucose
– Add arrows to show the cycle of NITROGEN from the atmosphere to
nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil, into the plants and animals and back to
soil (waste) or back to the atmosphere (by denitrifying bacteria).
• ENERGY:
– Draw the sun.
– Add arrows to show the flow of ENERGY from radiant energy to
chemical energy stored in glucose during photosynthesis.
– Add more arrows to show the herbivore eating and converting that
chemical energy to the energy of ATP and losing energy as heat
1/30/13
• Entry Task
• Explain how energy and matter are different.
Energy Flows and Matter Cycles
1/31/13
• Entry Task
• Trace the energy flow from the sun to your lunch
to the basketball game.
• HINT: energy forms you may use: nuclear, radiant,
chemical (food or ATP), motion, heat
• Complete Matter and Energy Project.
• Extra Time? Add color and details!!
2/1/13
• Entry Task
• Say Something Nice
• Please turn in your entry task sheets!
• Study Guide
2/4/13
• Entry Task
• Take out your red standards sheets.
• Assess yourself on #8, 9, 10, 24 and 25 in
the winter column.
• On entry task, explain which standard you
are most confident and WHAT you know.
Give examples!
Today’s Work
• Complete the study guide DUE AT THE END OF
CLASS!!!.
• You may use this on the quiz and tomorrow’s
Jeopardy Game.
• Quiz moved to WEDNESDAY!
• Finished early? Write 5 Jeopardy Q/A
• Categories: Photosynthesis, Cellular
Respiration, Cycles of Carbon and Nitrogen,
Energy Flow
2/5/13
• Entry Task
• How is the carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle
similar? Different? Explain!
• PLAY JEOPARDY!
2/6/13
• Entry Task
• Summarize what you did yesterday and
explain what you think is coming next.
2/7/13
• Entry Task
• Prepare for quiz – take out papers you may like to
use.
– Photosynthesis/yeast labs
– Carbon/nitrogen cycle notes
– Study Guide
•
•
•
•
YOU MAY NOT USE OTHER PEOPLE’S WORK!
Please move where asked…
Do your best!
ATTACH YOUR STUDY GUIDE TO YOUR QUIZ!!
2/8/13
• Entry Task
• Say Something Nice
Please turn in your entry task sheets.
Today’s work
• Read the first paragraph of “The Cell Cycle” on
page 246. What are some causes and effects
of the cell cycle?
• Please list one cause and effect for the entry
task and a total of 3 on the worksheet.
• Read pages 246-249.
• Take notes!
• Complete #2 and #4 on page 247.
Today’s Work
• Watch the cell cycle video/animation.
• On your notes page – answer the 5 questions
after the video.
• Please turn in your work
2/13/13
• Entry Task
• Is the diagram on page 249 showing you
multiple cells or a single cell undergoing
changes? Explain!
• ANSWER: Single cell undergoing changes
during the cell cycle. Starts with interphase
(regular cell growth) and ends with
cytokinesis (cytoplasm getting cut). Mitosis
(nucleus splitting) is four steps in the middle
2/14/13
• Entry Task
• List and briefly describe what happens during
the 3 stages of the cell cycle.
• Interactive animation of mitosis
• Watch cell division LIVE
Tuesday 2/19/13
• Entry Task
• Both mitosis and cytokinesis are involved in
cell division. What’s the difference?
• Review rubric. Choose partner.
• Start models.
• STANDARD: I can describe and model the process of
mitosis, in which one cell divides, producing two cells,
each with copies of paired chromosomes from the
original cell.(EALR 4 LS1)
2/20/13
• Entry Task
• List here your key for these parts to your model:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Nuclear membrane
chromosomes – (total 2 pairs)
chromatids
centromere
spindle
centriole
cell membrane
• SEATING CHART!!
Before we start the project…
• Review recent QUIZZES!
• Complete a reflection if you would like a
better score…
• MANDATORY reflections for scores of 15 or
less!
• Remember, to get points back, you must
explain:
• A. What went wrong? B. What is now more
clear? C. The correct answer.
2/21/13
• Entry Task
• Copy this timeline:
• Tuesday Feb 19th – choose parts and write key; assemble
parts
• Wednesday Feb 20th – sketch one cell becoming 2 cells on
large paper “game board; begin writing instructions
• Thursday and Friday February 21st and 22nd - complete
instructions; underline words, practice with own model,
make sure instructions are complete and would be “user
friendly” for another group
• Monday February 25th – ALL MODELS DUE!! Trade and
evaluate another group’s model.
2/22/13
• Entry Task
• Say Something Nice
• Please turn in your entry task sheets!
2/25/13
• Entry Task
• Compare the number of chromosomes in the
daughter cells to the number of chromosomes
in the mother cell.
• ANSWER: The daughter cells should end up
with the exact number of chromosomes as
the parent cell!!!
Today’s Work
• Finish Cell Division Models:
• “Game Board” – sketch of all stages of cell division on
which parts of model can be moved
• INSTRUCTIONS – how to move the pieces of your
model through the cell cycle. ALL VOCABULARY
UNDERLINED.
• YOUR MODEL – Common objects to represent the parts
of the cell - include a written key.
• Finished early? Start geranium root cell division! Back
table…watch video first…
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qgq9CFopd4c
2/26/13
• Entry Task
• Review rubric. What will you be graded on?
• What do you need to do in the next 25
minutes to get FOURS in each category?
• Review rubric
Today’s Work
• 25 minutes – Finish models: sketch “game
board,” instructions, and parts of model.
• 20 minutes – trade and grade with another
team. Other team MUST FILL OUT BOTTOM
ROW OF RUBRIC!
• LAST 5 – all models turned in for Ms. Maring
to grade
2/27/13
• Entry Task
• How do scientific ideas change over time?
What influences the ideas?
Take Notes!
• You will be making a timeline from the information
in this movie.
• NOTES:
– WHO - people,
– WHAT - contributions to scientific ideas AND political
issues/ gender constraints of the era
– WHERE - country where they conducted their work,
– WHEN - YEAR(s) of effort
– WHY – why was this discovery important?
2/28/13
• Entry Task
• What is a TIMELINE?
Discuss Answers
• A timeline is a graphic representation of the passage
of time as a line. Either vertical like facebook or
horizontal…
• EXAMPLE
• http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zr2MhuoWfg/T6BQf69mDLI/AAAAAAAACmk/l_QQlVJsis/s1600/Timeline_Inventions.jpg
• Often, past on the left…current on the right.
• Remember the spaces on the timeline should be
even. For example if you want to span 200 years over
10 inches, every inch would be 20 years.
3/1/13
• Entry Task
• Say Something Nice
• Please turn in your entry task sheets!
3/4/13
• Entry Task
• List THREE interesting people and their
discoveries from the movie last week.
Today’s Work
•
•
•
•
Complete movie.
Discuss notes.
Set up timeline.
Complete your timeline with your partner.
– 1812 – Michael Faraday, electricity/magnetism, London, only gentleman are
scientists
– 1885 Einstein as a child
– 1771 – Antoine Lavoisier, France, Conservation of Mass, French Revolution, he
gets guillotine—disliked tax collector
– 1897 Einstein in high school, poor student, fascinated by light
– 1846 – Faraday realizes electricity and magnetism are connected, invents
electric motor, names the “invisible light” electromagnetism
– 1722- Emilie du Chatalay, France, before her time, translated Newton’s
principia and realized he had made an error, velocity should be squared, fell in
love with poet Voltaire, died at 43
– 1905 – Einstein’s miracle year, Germany, 5 papers, including E=mc2 in 3 pages
– 1919 – Fame finds Einstein and he divorces Mileva, marries cousin
– 1907 – Berlin, Germany; Lisa Meitner becomes first professor (1912)of physics
– 1920-30 “Golden Age of Nuclear Research”
– 1930’s – Nazis drive out Jewish intellectuals; Einstein leaves in 1933; Meitner
barely escapes in 1938
– 1938 – Sweden, Robert Frisch (nephew) and Meitner “split the atom”
realizing that lost mass is converted directly to energy during nuclear fission
– 1942 Manhattan Project in US; bombs contain only a couple pounds of
Uranium and Plutonium
Gaps in your Notes
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/physics/ance
stors-einstein.html
• TIMELINE SCALE:
• 1 inch = 20 years
• ½ inch = 10 years
• ¼ inch = 5 years
• TIMESPAN: 1722-1942
3/5/13
• Entry Task
• Describe cell division using the vocabulary:
interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis, daughter
cells.
Today’s Work
• Test and assess another team’s cell division
model.
• Write your names on the rubric.
• Add some notes to accompany your
assessment.
• Finished? Do the crossword on Inquiry Skills.
3/6/13
• Entry Task
• Take out your red standards sheets.
• Please assess yourself for standards:
• #1,7,8,9,10,19,24 and 25 in the WINTER
column
ANSWERS
Today’s Work
• Get back your Semester 1 benchmark tests.
• DAY 1 – if you got 5 or less you are required to
do a REFLECTION.
• DAY 2 – if you got 8 or less you are required to
do a REFLECTION
• What do my grading marks mean?
• Review answers.
• Complete reflections…
3/7/13
• Entry Task
• Look at the first column of the scoring rubrics
for Conclusions and Plan an Investigation.
• Which parts do you know best? Least?
• For the ones you know the least, write an
explanation of it here!
ANSWERS
• EXTRA VALIDITY MEASURE – something you
do EXTRA (like larger sample size or more
trials) to be extra sure of your results.
• EXPERIMENTAL CONTROL CONDITION – the
portion of the experiment which you do not
change!
Today’s Work
• Today is the last day (for a while) to practice
our inquiry skills.
• As you work, have your rubric next to you –
get all the points!
• You will write a conclusion and have your
table partner grade it using the rubric.
• You will also plan an investigation today or
tomorrow and have your table partner grade
it using the rubric.
3/8/13
• Entry Task
• Say Something Nice
• Please turn in your entry task sheets.
• REMINDER – reflections on benchmark needed
from:
• Day 1 – Jordan, Tylor, savannah, Sid C, Teiya, Rey,
Keyshawn, Britt, Cody, Jessica, Tommy, Dylan
• Day 2 - EVERYONE
3/11/13
• Entry Task
• If you have turned in your reflection or did not
need to, 2 free points!
• Good luck this week on HSPE!!
• Get out “How did that plant get here?” – plan
your investigation
Missing steps…
• 1. Reflection Day 1 – Tylor, Savannah, Sid C,
Dylan, Teiya, Keyshawn, Britt, Cody, Jessica,
Tommy
• 2. Reflection Day 2 – Jordan, Trey, Savannah, Sid
C, Teiya, Rey, Keyshawn, Cody, Jessica, Anna, Sid
S, Kayley, Tommy, Dylan
• 3. Conclusion from last week – Jordan, Trey,
Savannah, Sid C, Dylan, Keyshawn, Britt, Jessica,
Kayley, Pat, Geraldine, Teiya
• 4. TODAY – Plan an investigation!
• 5. Finished early? Inquiry Skills Crossword
3/18/13
• Entry Task
• What is DNA? Where in your body is it?
• What is a nucleotide? Glossary definition!
• Consider the diagram on page 329 (top).
What are the 3 main parts of a nucleotide?
Standards on
DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
• 13. I can describe how DNA molecules are
long chains linking four subunits (smaller
molecules) whose sequence encodes genetic
information. EALR 4 LS1
• 14. I can illustrate the process by which gene
sequences are copied to produce proteins.
EALR 4 LS1
DNA structure NOTES pages 329-331
• DNA structure
• Nucleotides
• It is the genetic material in
the nucleus
• Nucleotides make up
nucleic acids
• 2 kinds of nucleic acids:
DNA and RNA
• DNA nucleotides:
– Sugar deoxyribose
– A phosphate
– A nitrogen containing base
•
•
•
•
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
Base pairing in DNA
• Chargaff’s Rule
• Silly memory trick:
• Amount of A = T
• Amount of G = C
• G’s and C’s are curvy
letters so they go
together
• A’s and T’s are straight
letters so they go
together
Structure of DNA
• Bases stick together with
hydrogen bonds
• Phosphates (P) and sugars
make the backbone of
ladder
• Bases make the rungs.
• Twist into a spiral
staircase or DOUBLE
HELIX
• NOTE: the strands are
opposite or antiparallel
• X-ray diffraction
• Watson and Crick
• Rosalind Franklin took
photograph 51 showing
double helix
• Used Chargaff’s data,
photograph 51, and
built a model of DNA
3/19/13
• Entry Task
• If you were to build a model of DNA using
candy as the parts of a nucleotide, what
would some of the benefits and limitations of
that model be?
• Consider size, substance, and function of real
DNA and compare to your potential model.
ANSWERS
• Size of candy model would be WAY larger!
• Substance – similar because DNA has a sugar
in it but DNA has deoxy ribose sugar.
• DNA also has smaller molecules like
phosphate group and nitrogenous bases.
• DNA carries genetic information – tells each
cell what to do!
Candy DNA
• Clean all surfaces
• Each group will need large paper, 3 orange, 3 green, 3 yellowish,
3 red gummi bears. 12 red licorice (phosphates), 12 black
licorice (sugar deoxyribose), small handful toothpicks.
• Use instructions sheet and yesterday’s notes to build your DNA.
• You should work through #4 and show Ms. M.
• You will need to identify all parts:
• Sugar deoxyribose, phosphate, base (name them) and say
matches, 5’ end, 3’ end,
• NO EATING SCIENCE PROJECTS (until you have shown Ms. M)
• Answer focus question #1.
• Finished with steps 1-4 and Ms. Maring’s approval?
• You may each eat one nucleotide while you read and consider
steps 6-8.
3/20/13
• Entry Task
• Explain base pairing in DNA.
• How was this represented in your models?
• How did we represent the chemical bonds
holding the parts of DNA together?
• REMEMBER – DNA is a MACROMOLECULE
(meaning large molecule) made up of long
strands of connected smaller molecules.
ANSWERS
• Toothpicks (or drawn lines) represent chemical
bonds.
• Base pairing A and T (adenine goes with
thymine) and G and C (guanine goes with
cytosine).
• We represented base pairing with gummy
bear colors matching – We had green go with
orange and yellowish went with red.
3/21/13
• Entry Task
• Remember the cell cycle (interphase, mitosis,
cytokinesis).
• During which part of the cell cycle does the
DNA REPLICATE?
• Hint – try page 249.
Today’s Work
• Take notes on DNA replication
• Work on missing work based on missing work
sheets.
DNA Replication Notes
• Semiconservative
replication
• Enzyme: Helicase
• Enzyme: DNA
polymerase
• Means parent strand
serve as template for
daughters
• Unwinds and unzips
DNA
• Adds matching
nucleotides (A=T and
G=C) starting at 3’ ends
• Leading and lagging
• Leading: One side
replicates continuously
(3’ to 5’ direction
bottom of “zipper” up)
• Lagging: The other side
replicates in small
chunks or Okazaki
fragments (3’ to 5’
direction which means
inside of “zipper”
down)
3/22/13
• Entry Task
• Say Something Nice
• Please turn in your entry task sheets.
• Graph benchmark scores on inquiry skills.
• Review notes.
• Begin modeling DNA replication.
Inquiry Skills – have your scores
improved this year?
• Graph your fall and winter benchmark scores
based on the information Ms. Maring gives
you. {NOTE: your may use the fall graph from
the back of the red standards pages…then
complete the winter scores}
• Hand me your graphs – I will give them to
your advisor.
• You may use these as “best works” at your
conference.
3/25/13
• Entry Task
• What does the word REPLICATION mean?
• If a nucleotide had a GUANINE base, which
base would the matching nucleotide have?
• WRITE MATCHES FOR THE FOLLOWING
SEQUENCE:
• AATAGC
ANSWERS
• Replication means to make a copy!
• CYTOSINE
• TTATCG
• Please get out your notes and project sheet.
DNA replication
• Show DNA replication using your 3 remaining paired
PARENT nucleotides.
• Show unzipping using DNA helicase.
• Show replication by building and matching new
nucleotides on the inside of the zipper.
• REMEMBER: always add nucleotides in the 3’ to 5’
direction!!
• Before eating, show Ms. M your semiconservative
replication – POINT to the parent strands and daughter
strands and explain that the daughters were constructed
in opposite directions.
• You may consume
3/26/13
• Entry Task
• Using words like “inside” and “outside,”
explain where the daughter strands get built?
• How is the parent strand like a template?
ANSWERS
• The parent strands UNZIP and the daughter
strands are built on the inside of BOTH parent
strands.
• The parent strand is like a template because
the daughter nucleotides MATCH (we know
that cytosine matches guanine and thymine
matches adenine)
DNA replication
• Show DNA replication using your 3 remaining paired
PARENT nucleotides.
• Show unzipping using DNA helicase.
• Show replication by building and matching new
nucleotides on the inside of the zipper.
• REMEMBER: always add nucleotides in the 3’ to 5’
direction!!
• Before eating, show Ms. M your semiconservative
replication – POINT to the parent strands and daughter
strands and explain that the daughters were constructed
in opposite directions.
• You may consume
3/27/13
• Entry Task
• After replication, compare the two new
strands of DNA. Are they the same or
different? How?
• NOTE – all missing work due FRIDAY! End of
Quarter is 2 days after spring break…
ANSWERS
• The parent strands unzipped using DNA
helicase.
• Next daughter nucleotides were built to match
the parent nucleotides.
• The TWO NEW STRANDS ARE IDENTICAL TO
THE ORIGINAL PARENT STRAND!!!!!!
Today’s Work
• Complete replication if you have not.
• Answer 5 questions at bottom of DNA project
page. Turn in project page.
• Turn in your notes.
• Missing work time.
3/28/13
• Entry Task
• Red standards sheets #13. Please self assess
in Spring column!
• Write a short reflection on what you now
understand about the structure of DNA.
• TOMORROW LAST DAY FOR MISSING WORK!
Today…
• Watch video on DNA REPLICATION as review
• Play Jeopardy
• Missing work if failing…
3/28/13
• Entry Task – Thursday
• Why do you think the analogy of DNA as a
cell’s instruction manual is a good idea?
Reread page 336.
• Today we will begin discussing how proteins
are made using the instructions of DNA
3/29/13
• Entry Task
• Please turn in entry task sheets.
• Get stuff out for QUIZ.
• SAY SOMETHING NICE AFTER QUIZ!!
• If you get a packet, work on it after quiz!!
4/8/13
• Entry Task
• Calculate your quiz percentage.
• If you got 14 or less, you are required to
complete a reflection.
• If you do not need or want to do a reflection,
please quietly read pages 372-379.
4/9/13
• Entry Task
• Read the section “Central Dogma” on page
336.
• What is the central dogma?
Standards and Objectives
• I can illustrate the process by which gene
sequences are copied to produce proteins.
EALR 4 LS1
Today’s Work
• We just finished showing how DNA gets copied so a cell
can divide and end up with the same amount.
• Now we will look at DNA’s “job” –it contains the secret
code, or instruction manual for making proteins.
• The DNA inside every cell, does its job every day.
• There are a number of steps:
1. DNA is transcribed to mRNA (rewritten)
2. mRNA is translated by a ribosome
3. tRNA brings the amino acids to form a chain, or
protein.
LOOK AT PAGE 339.
DNA transciption and translation
•
•
•
•
Watch a video and take notes.
Watch an animation of the process.
What did you learn?
Write a short reflection on the “job” of DNA
and how it is read to turn into proteins which
become YOU!
Biology 4/10/13
• Entry Task – Wednesday
• Write a short reflection on the “job” of DNA
and how it is read to turn into proteins which
become YOU!
• Today we will begin our mRNA necklaces
which are encoded to spell your name
Today’s Work
• Write the name your mRNA necklace will code
for (probably your name).
• “Work backwards” to figure out the DNA
strand this came from.
• What color and how many beads will you
need?
• Learn the knots!
4/11/13
• Entry Task
• Compare the chart of codons on page 338 to
your chart of codons on your project sheet.
• What do codons normally code for?
• What do your codons code for?
• How is letters forming words a good analogy
for amino acids forming proteins?
Answers
• Codons (or 3 bases of mRNA) code for an
amino acid.
• In our model, a codon (or 3 beads
representing 3 bases of mRNA) codes for a
letter in our name.
• Letters have to be put in the right order to
form the right word just like amino acids are
put together in the right order to form a
protein.
4/12/13
• Entry Task
• Say Something Nice
• Please turn in your entry task sheets!
4/15/13
• Entry Task
• Which comes first? DNA or protein? Explain
the process from DNA to protein.
Answers
• DNA starts the process and it is in the nucleus
• Transcription changes it to mRNA
• Then it goes out to the cytoplasm and the
ribosomes (protein “factory”)
• Where translation occurs
• Then tRNA transfers the amino acids to make
a chain
• The chain is a protein
Today’s Work
• Finish necklaces and answer questions on
worksheet.
• You will be graded on completion of your
necklace and a completed worksheet.
• ALSO, turn in your “Central Dogma” notes!!!
• Read and take notes for the lab we will do
tomorrow.
• NOTE: I have small rings if you would like to hang
your DNA as a pendant from your mRNA
necklace.
4/17/13
• Entry Task
• On a scale of 1 to 4, how well do you
understand this standard at this point?
• I can explain that regulation of cell functions
can occur by changing the activity of proteins
within cells and/or by changing whether and
how often particular genes are expressed.
Today’s Work
• Check DNA – DO NOT SHAKE!!!!
• With a pipette, carefully suck the DNA out and
place in pendant. Add some of the clear alcohol
(top layer of liquid) as a preservative.
• Put the ring around the hinge OR a piece of
embroidery thread.
• This can go on your necklace…
• BE SURE YOUR NECKLACE COMPLETION IS IN
GRADEBOOK.
• Answer questions together…
• Finished? Next assignment…
Gene Regulation and Expression
• I can explain that regulation of cell functions can occur
by changing the activity of proteins within cells and/or
by changing whether and how often particular genes
are expressed. EALR 4 LS1
• READ PAGES 32 and 33 in the purple book.
• Answer the following questions:
• Explain the term “differentiation” and how this helps
tune a cell to perform a particular job.
• Compare and contrast two kinds of cells in the body and
the different proteins each makes.
• Go to
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/howgeneswork/protein
• List the 3 types of proteins and their functions.
DNA extraction lab
• Read the background and information section.
• We will work through the steps of the lab
together.
• The “solution station” will be at the front lab
station.
• Please throw away your cups after use.
• You may either tie the DNA pendant to your
mRNA necklace OR tie it onto a piece of
embroidery thread.
Biology 4/16/13
• Entry Task
• What are genes—how are they related to DNA
and proteins?
• How do you think different cells specialize to
do their job if they all contain the SAME DNA?
Biology 4/18/13
• Entry Task
• Use your book to find these answers…
• What is meiosis?
• It sounds like mitosis but is significantly
different – how?
Answers
• Meiosis is the making of sperm and eggs.
• From ONE PARENT cell FOUR reproductive
cells are made (vs TWO daughter cells in
mitosis)
• Daughter cells after mitotic cell division are
IDENTICAL to their parent.
• When you have MEIOTIC cell division the
resulting cells are DIFFERENT from the parent
cell. The resulting cells have ½ the genetics.
Standards
• I can describe and model the process of meiosis in which egg and
sperm cells are formed with only one set of chromosomes from
each parent cell.
• EALR 4 LS1
•
• I can model and explain the process of genetic recombination that
may occur during meiosis and how this then results in differing
characteristics in offspring.
• EALR 4 LS1
•
• I can describe the process of fertilization that restores the original
chromosome number while reshuffling the genetic information,
allowing for variation among offspring.
• EALR 4 LS1
4/19/13
• Entry Task
• Say Something Nice
• Please turn in your entry task sheets!!
4/22/13
• Entry Task
• There is another kind of cell division called MEIOSIS.
• Write a definition of meiosis IN YOUR OWN WORDS!
• Meiosis Video – first watch answer focus questions and
take notes.
• Second watch – pause and use models to show
crossing over and recombination
Meiosis – how reproductive CELLS are
made
• This is a different kind of division.
• Results in sperm or egg which have only HALF
the genetic information.
• FERTILIZATION: ½ mother’s genetics
+ ½ father’s genetics = 1 cell with all the genetic
informationhttp://www.sumanasinc.com/webco
ntent/animations/content/meiosis.html
Meiosis
• Use a model to show how sperm/eggs have ½ the
number of chromosomes as parent cells.
• Show crossing over – DNA is “mixed” among the
pairs.
• Focus Questions:
• What is the result of meiosis?
• Where in the human body would this occur?
• Which cells in the body are diploid?
• Which cells in the body are haploid?
• Organisms inherit DNA from their parents. Why is
it important that reproductive cells have ½ the
DNA of a regular cell?
4/23/13
• Entry Task
• Take out your red sheets. Assess your
progress on standards:
• 13, 14, 18, 20,21
• Next topic: GENETICS
Today’s Work
• Much of this will be recall from last year and
we’ll take it further (faster!).
• Take Punnett Square notes
• Punnett square practice – due tomorrow!.
4/24/13
• Entry Task
• If a parent cell had 46 chromosomes, how
many would the gamete cell (egg or sperm)
have?
• Make Dragon Babies!
4/25/13
• Entry Task
• Read the section “Genes in pairs” on page
278. How are genes and alleles related?
• If T is dominant ability to roll tongue and t is
recessive inability to roll tongue, what is the
genotype of a person who cannot roll their
tongue?
Answers
•
•
•
•
Alleles are alternative forms of a single gene.
Tt = roll tongue
TT = roll tongue
Tt = CANNOT roll tongue
4/26/13
• Entry Task
• Say Something Nice
• Please turn in your entry task sheets!!
4/29/13
• Entry Task
• What would the possible gametes be from
RrYy?
• Do a punnett square for RrYy x RrYy.
• R is dominant for round peas over
wrinkled.
• Y is dominant for Yellow peas over green.
• http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabe
e/biobk/dihyb2.gif ANSWERS
Today’s Work
• Dragon Babies:
• EACH student should have 4 autosomal
chromosomes AND 1 sex chromosome.
• Write down genotype for each chromosome
(front and back) for Mom and Dad.
• Flipping the chrosomes represents meiosis. The
side facing up goes in egg/sperm.
• Recombine alleles to get genotype for baby for
each trait.
• Look at chart to determine phenotype.
4/30/13
• Entry Task:
• In the dragon environment, one of their favorite and
most abundant prey animals is a turtle whose shell
can only be split by fire. Which dragon babies are
more likely to survive and reproduce? Over
generations, do you think fire breathing will increase
or decrease? What might happen to the non-fire
breathing dragons?
• On the other side of the mountains, turtles have gone
extinct but birds are abundant. Which trait would you
expect in dragons there?
Today’s Work
•
•
•
•
Draw your dragons.
Label each trait.
Work on the questions on the last page.
Each team will turn in a completed drawing
and completed dragon packet.
5/1/13
• What is the genotype for a heterozygous tall
and hairy tomato plant, where the dominant
gene is T for tall and H for hairy?
• What is the genotype for a dwarf and hairless
tomato plant?
• CROSS:
One more practice: Two trait crosses
• Cross:
• FOIL (First, Outer,
Inner, Last). To
figure out the four
types of gametes.
• Place one parent’s
gametes along top,
other parent’s
gametes along
side.
• Genotypes:
• Phenotypes:
Today’s Work
•
•
•
•
•
Go over dragon questions.
One more practice: Two Trait crosses.
Finished early?
Read text of sections 15.1 and 15.2.
Complete review questions at the end of EACH
section
5/2/13
• Entry Task
• Google or look in a biology book: What is a genome?
• Today’s Work: read the short article: Coelacanth Genes
Mapped, "Living Fossil" Evolved Slowly.
• THEN, read as much as you can of the original scientific
article, “The African Coelacanth Genome Provides Insights
into TetraPod Evolution.”
• Do an article summary on one of the articles. Double
points if you do the more difficult article!!
5/3/13
• Entry Task
• Say Something Nice
• Turn in your entry task sheets!!
• QUIZ on Meiosis and Genetics MONDAY!
Today’s Work
• Be sure the following are turned in:
– Meiosis Questions
– Punnett Notes and Worksheet
– Dragon Packet (EACH PERSON) and drawing (one
per group)
– Punnett Practice “One more time”
– Coelecanth Article Summary
• QUIZ STUDY QUESTIONS (due with Quiz on
Monday)
• Use these pages of the book: p.269-276 AND
p. 277-282.
5/6/13
• Entry Task
• None – prepare for quiz…get back papers and
organize them to use as a resource.
• QUIZ – Meiosis and Genetics
• TURN IN YOUR STUDY QUIDE! Worth 10 pts!!
5/7/13
• Entry Task
• What is artificial selection? Consult the
textbook! P. 419.
• What is natural selection p. 420.
Answers
• Artificial selection is selective breeding in
other words you want certain traits so you
pick specific animals to breed.
• Natural Selection is the process where some
die and some live due to their different
advantages or disadvantages in their
environment.
Rock Pocket Mouse
• Watch video -- take notes
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/variation/comp
arative/
• Run simulation to see how coat color changes over
generations of mice in a changing environment.
• REFLECT: How do random changes in organisms
interact with a changing environment? What happens
over many generations?
• Start Rock Pocket Mouse Packet
• http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/activities/pocket
mouse/Mouse_ColorVariation_Student.pdf
5/8/13
• Entry Task
• How do random changes in organisms interact
with a changing environment? What happens
over many generations?
• Answers: If an organism inherits a trait which
gives it an advantage, it MAY survive better and
have more offspring than others. Over
generations, this advantageous trait will increase.
5/9/13
• Entry Task
• What are the four laws of nature?
5/10/13
• Entry Task
• Say Something Nice
• Please turn in your entry task sheets!!
Today’s Work
Positive and Negative Feedback Loops
• Short Video at
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CLv3SkF_Eag
• Read an article. http://n.pr/133KHF0 “How can
identical twins turn out so different?”
• LABEL the feedback loops described in the article:
• NEGATIVE (stabilizing) or POSITIVE (amplifying)
• APPLY feedback loops to your grade!!
• Do you need to stabilize or amplify?
5/13/13
• Entry Task
• What are the four laws of nature which drive
change in organisms over time?
• (HINT: read the top standard for Biology)
ANSWERS
• FOUR LAWS WHICH DRIVE CHANGE IN
ORGANISMS OVER TIME:
• 1. population growth
• 2.inherited variability of offspring
• 3. limited supply of resources (food, space,
h2o, etc)
• 4. because of the environment only some
offspring will survive and reproduce
Natural and Artificial Selection
• http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolutio
n/Selection/01.html
• View power point and video clips.
• Take notes.
• Answer review questions.
• Complete Rock Pocket mouse activity.
Evolution Focus Questions
• What is the difference between artificial and natural
selection?
• What are the four “laws of nature” which drive change in
species over time?
• How many genes control growth of bones in dogs? How do
we know dogs are all one species?
• How many generations does it take for a species to change?
Please use sticklebacks or dogs as an example.
• How does the fossil record help us identify changes in species
over long periods of time?
• What are the forms of evidence we have that species change
over time (consider pages 423-427, especially the headings)?
5/14/13
• Entry Task
• What are the forms of evidence we have that
species change over time (consider pages 423427, especially the headings)?
Today’s Work
•
•
•
•
Watch last two videos.
Complete Rock Pocket Mouse Activity.
Answer Rock Pocket Mouse questions.
Extra Time? Start Fossil Lab.
5/15/13
• Entry Task
• How can you use the fossil record to help identify
changes in species over long periods of time?
• Discuss and turn in Mouse Lab
• REFLECTIONS on Genetics Quiz
• Fossil Lab
Answers
• Dig down to older layers of sediment (usually
deeper in the sediment layers). Look at
skeletal morphology.
• Look at more current fossils (usually in more
shallow sediment layers). Look at skeletal
morphology.
• Compare the MORPHOLOGY of the skeletons.
• Assess EVOLUTION = change in species over
time.
5/16/13
• Entry Task
• How do you think a field study would be different
than a lab experiment?
• BIOLOGY EOC: Wed MAY 29th, Thurs MAY 30th, Fri
MAY 31st
• Passing Required for Graduation
Helpful Links for the EOC
• http://www.uni.edu/chfasoa/reliabilityandvali
dity.htm for reliability vs validity
• http://classes.biology.ucsd.edu/bild2.FA07/do
cuments/Lect15_000.pdf for negative
feedback loop of insulin acting on blood sugar
• http://www.nagb.org/assets/documents/publi
cations/frameworks/tech2014framework/ch_2/design2.html for constraints
and limitations
5/17/13
• Entry Task
• Say Something Nice
• Turn in your entry task sheets!
• Discuss last night’s homework…practice part 1
• HOMEWORK: Complete EOC practice part 2 for
discussion on Monday.
5/20/13
• Entry Task
• Is this a positive or negative feedback loop?
• If the blood temperature falls too low, on the other hand, this
is also sensed by the hypothalamus and signals are sent to the
cutaneous arteries (those supplying the skin) to constrict
them. Warm blood is then retained deeper in the body and
less heat is lost from the surface. If this is inadequate, then the
brain activates shivering. Each muscle tremor in shivering
releases heat energy and helps warm the body back toward its
37 degrees Celsius set point.
Read more: http://www.biologyreference.com/HoLa/Homeostasis.html#ixzz2Tmo3qHz7
Today’s Work
• Discuss questions 9-15 on the EOC practice
sheets #1…turn them in.
• In Class: #1-6 on EOC practice sheets #2.
• HOMEWORK: whichever items are incomplete
from #1-6.
Helpful Links for the EOC
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfy92hda
AH0 for active vs passive transport
• http://www.diffen.com/difference/Meiosis_vs
_Mitosis OR
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/miracle/divid
e.html for Meiosis vs Mitosis
5/21/13
• Entry Task
• Of the 2 kinds of cell division, which one
produces reproductive cells (aka gametes)?
• Compare the # of chromosomes in gametes to
the # in regular cells. You may use a human
cell as an example.
Answers
• MEIOSIS produces gametes or reproductive
cells.
• Rerproductive cells have HALF the
chromosomes as regular cells
Today’s Work
• Discuss #1-6 on EOC practice sheet #2.
• IN CLASS: work on #7-10.
5/22/13
• Entry Task
• If a population of butterflies average 10
individuals per square mile, what is the
population density?
• What is the general formula to calculate
population density?
Today’s Work
• Discuss #7-10 on EOC practice #2 sheets.
• IN CLASS: work on #11-17
• HOMEWORK: whatever is incomplete from
EOC practice sheets.
Compare photosynthesis and cellular
respiration
Helpful Links for the EOC
• Short Video at
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CLv3SkF_Eag for
positive and negative feedback loops
• http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/PH_scale for
pH definition
• http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fairprojects/project_ideas/Chem_AcidsBasespHScale.shtm
l more on pH with comparisons of common acids and
bases
• http://www.rsc.org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb
/enzymes.htm Why do enzymes work best at particular
temperatures or pH levels?
5/23/13
• Entry Task
• Is this a positive or negative feedback loop?
• An example of its beneficial effect is seen in blood clotting.
Part of the complex biochemical pathway of clotting is the
production of an enzyme that forms the matrix of the
blood clot, but also speeds up the production of still more
thrombin. That is, it has a self- catalytic , self-accelerating
effect, so that once the clotting process begins, it runs
faster and faster until, ideally, bleeding stops.
•
Read more: http://www.biologyreference.com/HoLa/Homeostasis.html#ixzz2Ts9alt00
Answers
• Thus, this positive feedback loop is part of a
larger negative feedback loop, one that is
activated by bleeding and ultimately works to
stop the bleeding.
5/28/13
• Entry Task
• Write down the one biggest thing you feel
unclear about for the test.
• What question will you ask today to help get
that clarified?
• What information will you need to review
tonight?
5/29-31/13
Biology EOC
• NO ENTRY TASK.
• Please turn off all technology and put in your
backpacks at the front of the room.
• All belongings except for a book to read should
be in your backpacks at the front of the room.
• When I hand you pencils, please show me that
you do not have any technology on your person.
• Each session will take at least 50 minutes. I will
not collect any tests until you have tried for at
least 50 minutes.
• Please double check all your work!!
6/3/13
• Entry Task
• Write down items you are missing (bottom of sheet), or
which have a * or ZERO or “F” after them in the top
section.
• Today’s Work – MISSING WORK or EXTRA CREDIT DAY.
• ALL WORK IS DUE BY THIS FRIDAY JUNE 7th!!!
Today’s Work
• Missing work: If missing work, or zeroes, or
“F” is noted anywhere on your sheet, work on
that today.
• Once you have completed all missing
assignments, you may work on Extra Credit.
• Extra Credit: Leaves and Acorns – harvest your
acorn and fill out the sheet to show what you
have learned. OR, write a different topic on a
new leaf and fill out the sheet.
6/4/13
• Entry Task
• What do you think are the current world
problems in biology?
• If you were failing as of yesterday, you may
work on missing work today
Today’s Work
• Read pages 116-121 in the Biology Textbook.
• Discuss and answer questions 1-5 on page
121.
6/5/13
• Entry Task
• What happens to the native ecosystem when a building
project starts in that area?
• How might these effects be mitigated?
•
•
•
•
Read pages 116-121 in the Biology Textbook.
Discuss and answer questions 1-5 on page 121.
Read pages 122-128 and answer questions 1-4 on page 128.
Extra time? Read pages 129-136
6/6/13
• Entry Task
• What are ways we could conserve biodiversity?
• If it has already decreased in an area, what are ways
we could increase biodiversity?
• Read pages 116-121 in the Biology Textbook.
• Discuss and answer questions 1-5 on page 121.
• Read pages 122-128 and answer questions 1-4 on page
128.
• Extra time? Read pages 129-136
6/7/13
• Entry Task
• Say Something Nice
• Turn in your entry task sheets!!!
• ALL MISSING WORK DUE TODAY BY 11:25!!
Research Current World Problems and
Solutions in Biology
• Choose a topic:
• Energy Use – green energy vs fossil fuels
• Biodiversity – Sustainable or Low impact
development vs Ecosystem destruction
• Resources: water, soil, air – conservation vs
pollution
• Individual Health – prevention, healthcare and
disease
Current Problems and Solutions in
Biology – Create a Word Document or
Power Point Presentation which
answers the following…
• RESEARCH: Explain the problem using
information from internet sources – use quotes,
paraphrase, and cite your sources.
• EXPLORE: Design a solution – what would you do
if you were in charge? Why? How would this
solve the problem?
• LIMITATIONS: Consider trade-offs or unintended
consequences regarding your solutions. Could
your solutions cause more problems? What?
How?
Biology Standards Class Assessment
• Go to the link below.
• Please click a number for each standard according to the following
scale:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Have I met standard?
(Scale 1-4)
4 – met or exceeded standard
3 – met standard
2 – some portion of standard
not met
1 – standard not met
• http://goo.gl/6WQhr
• When finished, hit “submit” button and we can return to the
classroom to view data for the whole class! It is completely
anonymous, so please be honest in your self assessment!!!