Pancreas
Pancreas
 Anatomy
 Located retroperitoneal, posterior to stomach
 Midportion from the upper right to the left
quadrant
 Parts
 Head
 Body
 Tail
Pancreas
 Complex organ
 Two types of function
 Exocrine function
 Endocrine function
Function of Pancreas
 Exocrine function
 Compound acinar gland – connects to
small ducts – connects to larger ducts
– joins the pancreatic duct – joins the
common bile duct and enters the
duodenum (small bowel)
Function of Pancreas
 What are the secretions and what do they
do?
 Hco3
 Enzymes to digest protein




Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidases
Nuclease
 Enzyme to digest Carbohydrate
 Pancreatic amylase
 Enzymes to digest Lipids
 Pancreatic lipase
Function of Pancreas
 Control of function
Form
Hormonal
Neural
Initiating factor
Result
Secretin
Acidic chyme
Large amounts of HCO3 to
neutralize acid
Cholecystokinin
Fatty acids and
amino acids
Digest fatty acid and amino
acids
Parasympathetic
stimulus
food
Secretion of enzymes into the
gut
Function of Pancreas
 Endocrine function
 Specialised cells (tissue) – secretes
hormones directly into blood stream
Digestion
 Digestion – breaking down of food
to molecules
 Mechanical – larger to smaller
 Chemical – breaking of covalent
bonds
Digestion,
Absorption and
Transport
Digestion
 Digestion – breaking down of food
to molecules
 Carbohydrates – monosaccharides
 Protein – aminoacids
 Fats – fatty acids and glycerol
Absorption
 Absorption – begins in the stomach
 Mainly alcohol,asprin but NOT the
three main food products
Transport
 Transport – move the molecules
across the intestinal wall
 Facillitated diffusion- no need energy
 e.g glcose from cell to blood
 Cotransport – requires energy
 e.g glucose from intestine to cell
 Active transport – requires energy
 e.g amino acid from blood to organs
Carbohydrate,
Lipid Protein ,
Water and Mineral
Carbohydrate
 Cellulose
 (plant cell- fiber not carbohydrate)
 Starches
Complex
carbohydrate
 (plant energy storage molecule)
 Glycogen
 ( muscle energy storage molecule)
 Sucrose
 Fructose
 Lactose
Disacharide
Carbohydrate
Digestion
Salivary
amylase
Complex
carbohydrate
Polysaccharides
Pancreatic
amylase
Disacharides
Polysaccharides
Disacharidaseintestine
Disacharide
Monosaccharides
Carbohydrate
Digestion
-Sucrose
Disaccharidase
-Glucose + Glucose
-Fructose
-Glucose + Maltose
-Lactose
-Glucose + Galactose
Disaccharide
Monosacharide
Carbohydrate
Intestine
 Absorption and Transport
Intestine cell
Cotransport
Blood/capillary
Facillitated
diffusion
 Glucose is the end product in blood is a source
of energy is stored and use by the cells and
increased/decreased by the presence of insulin
Lipids
 Triglycerides
– three fatty acids and glycerol
 Phospholipids
– required for transport and solubility of
fat
 Steroids
 Cholesterol, corticosteroid, esters
Lipids
Digestion
Emulsification by bile salts
Lipid
Transforms large lipid into
smaller droplets
Pancreatic amylase
Transforms large lipid into
smaller droplets
Fatty acid and
monoacylglyc
erides
Lipids
 Absorption and Transport
Intestine
Simple diffusion
Within Intestine
cell they are
packed into Exocytosis
chylomicron
Carried in lacteals as
chyle into liver and
stored as
cholesterol, LDL,
HDL
LDL,HDL, Triglyceride and cholesterol is the
end product in blood is a source of energy
is stored and use by the cells
Proteins
 Plant protein
 Animal protein
Proteins
Digestion
Pepsin
Protein
Polypeptides
Trypsin,chymotrypsin,
carboxypeptidase
Polypeptides
Peptides
Peptidases
Peptides
Amino acids
Protein
 Absorption and Transport
Intestine
Cotransport
Within Intestine
cell they
brokendown toActive
amino acid
transport
Carried in blood to
liver and throughout
the body
Amino acid is the end product in blood is a source of
building block and the rest is metabolised to release
energy and indirectly converted to small amounts of
glycogen and the rest as fat which is stored and use by
the cells. Transport is stimulated by growth hormone and
insulin
Water and Mineral
 9 liters enters the digestive tract
 2l – food
 1l – salivary gland
 2L – Gastric secretion
 1.2L – Pancreatic secretion
 0.7L – Bile
 2L – Small intestine
97%
absorbed in
small
intestine
6-7% in
large
intestine
1% excreted
in faeces
Water and Mineral
 Absorption and Transport
Intestine
Within Intestine
Osmosis
Blood
Osmosis
Na ,K, Ca, Mg, PO4,
Cl-
Blood
Active transport
Passive transport in
duodenum /Active
transport in ileum