Chromosomal variation:
Rearrangement:
1. Duplication:
2. Deletion:
3. Inversion:
4. Translocation:
Aneuploidy:
Polyploidy:
Bacterial Genetics:
Auxotrophic mutations:
Conjugation:
Transduction:
Transformation:
Viral Genetics:
Bacteriophage:
Lytic/lysogenic cycle :
1. Lytic:
2. Lysogenic:
Transduction:
Virulence:
Prokaryote regulation:
Inducible:
Repressible:
Negative control:
Positive control:
Operator:
Regulator:
Attenuation:
Eukaryotic regulation:
Enhancer/insulator
Enhancer:
[GAL4]:
Insulator:
Epistasis
Acetylation:
Methylation:
Mutation:
Missense/nonsense mutation
Missense:
Nonsense:
Frameshift mutation:
Silent mutation:
Suppressor mutation:
Intergenic:
Intragenic:
1. How can translocations or inversions cause gain-of-function mutations?
A. The chromosome rearrangement could interfere with DNA polymerase so
that the mutation rate increase
B. The chromosome rearrangement could place coding regions of genes near
promoters of different genes that cause higher than normal levels of gene
expression
C. The chromosome rearrangement could cause multiple copies of a gene to
form so that there is too much of the gene product
D. The chromosome rearrangement could break a gene into two segments so
that it is no longer able to produce a protein.
2. The normal cultivated cotton plant is a tetraploid and possesses 52 chromosomes,
how many chromosomes would likely be in the haploid ancestor?
A. 13
B. 26
C. 52
D. 104
3. What is the specific tern that describes the loss of a single chromosome (2n-1)
A. Monosomy
B. Polyploidy
C. Aneuploidy
D. Triploidy
E. Trisomy
4. An interrupted-mating experiment was performed using different Hfr strains (A,
B, C). Alleles were transferred from first to last in the following order:
Strain A: thi+ his+ gal+ lac+ pro+
Strain B: azi+ leu+ thr+ thi+ his+
Strain C: lac+ gal+ his+ thi+ thr+
How are the F factor sequences integrated into the chromosomes of these strains
oriented relative to each other?
A. The F factors in all three strains are oriented in the same direction
B. The F factors in all three strains are integrated near an origin of
replication
C. The F factors in strains B and C are oriented in the same direction
D. The F factor in strains A and B are oriented in the same direction
E. The F factor in strains A and C are oriented in the same direction
5. Which of the following strains is auxotrophic only for proline and methionine?
A. pro+
thi- leu- metB. pro+
thi- leu- met+
C. prothi- leu- met+
D. prothi+ leu+ met-
6. What is the principle of mapping prokaryotic genes by co-transformation?
A. The difference in the time it takes to co-transform alleles from two
different genes is proportional to the distance between those two genes
B. Genes that are close together are likely to be contained on the same DNA
fragment when the genome is broken into small pieces. Therefore, the
frequency of alleles from two different genes both being transferred is
inversely related to the physical distance between those genes
C. Genes that are closely related together are likely to be taken up into the
same bacteriophage owing to phage genome packaging errors during the
lytic cycle. Therefore, the frequency of alleles from two genes being
transferred at the same time is inversely related to the physical distance
between those genes
D. The frequency of non-parental recombinants that are recovered after cotransformation indicates the distance between the two gene.
7. How does a virulent phage differ from a temperate phage?
A. Temperate phages infect either eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells, whereas
virulent phages infect only prokaryotic cells
B. Temperate phages have incorporated a fragment of their host cell
chromosome into their genomes, whereas virulent phages have not
C. Temperate phages can only reproduce at high growth temperatures,
whereas virulent phages can reproduce at a much wider range
D. Temperate phages are able to integrate their genome into the host cell
chromosome and be maintained by cell division without causing lysis.
Virulent phages are only capable of lytic growth so they always kill the cells
they infect
E. Temperate phages cannot cause disease, whereas virulent phages do cause
disease.
8. Which of the following statements describes what occurs in an E. coli cell as a
consequence of high glucose concentrations?
A. when glucose is present, the levels of cAMP are low, which prevents CAP
from binding to the lac operon promoter and so the lac operon genes are not
transcribed
B. When glucose is present, the cell converts it to lactose and uses that as the
carbon source
C. The presence of glucose causes changes in the chromatin packing of the E.
coli cell
D. high glucose concentration has no effect on E. coli cells
E. When glucose is present, the levels of cAMP are low, and so the lac operon
genes are transcribed
9. Which type of regulator system meets the following criteria?
An operon is controlled by a repressor. The operon is not transcribed in
normal growth conditions that use glucose as the carbon source. When a
different carbon source replaces glucose in the medium then the rate of
transcription from the operon is greatly increased.
A. Positive inducible
B. Negative inducible
C. Positive repressible
D. Negative repressible
10. Which of the following are mechanisms of gene regulation that involve
modification of chromatin structure?
A. Repositioning of nucleosomes by chromatin remodeling complexes
B. Acetylation of histones
C. Methylation of cytosine bases
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
11. A mutation in the gene for yeast protein GAL4 causes yeast to grow poorly on
galactose. What is the function of GAL4?
A. GAL4 is a transcriptional repressor protein that represses transcription of
structural genes when galactose is absent
B. GAL4 is a structural gene that is used for metabolism of galactose
C. GAL4 transports galactose into yeast
D. GAL4 is a transcriptional activator protein that stimulates transcription of
structural genes when galactose is present
E. GAL4 binds to a transctiptional activator protein and causes it to bind to a
sequence element within the regulatory promoter of structural genes used to
metabolize galactose
12. What is the difference between a ‘missense’ mutation and a ‘nonsense’
mutation?
A. Missense mutations are somatic and so are not passed onto the next
generation, whereas nonsense mutations affect the germ line and so can be
passed on to successive generations
B. Missense mutations are insertions of bases whereas nonsense mutations
are deletions of bases
C. Missense mutations occur spontaneously, whereas nonsense mutations
are caused by chemicals in the environment
D. Missense mutations cause an abnormal amino acid to replace the normal
amino acid in polypeptide, whereas nonsense mutations cause translation of
a polypeptide to be terminated abnormally early
E. Missense mutations causes changes of one pyrimidine base for a different
pyrimidine base, whereas nonsense mutations cause changes of one purine
base for another purine base