An Introduction to Rhetoric:
Need more info? Try: Language of Composition: Chapter 1
Rhetoric: A Definition
• Aristotle defined rhetoric as “the
faculty of observing in any given
case the available means of
persuasion”
• Using speech effectively
• Influencing thought
The Rhetorical Triangle
• Sometimes called the
Aristotelian triangle
• Subject, Speaker, Audience
interaction
• Persona: the character the
speaker creates when he or she
writes or speaks
SOAPS & Rhetorical Organization
• Subject
• Topic at hand
• Occasion
• Time and place text was written or
spoken
• Audience
• Listener, viewer, or reader
• May be multiple audiences
• Purpose
• Goal a speaker wants to achieve
• Speaker
• The author/speaker and their
relationship to the audience
A checklist for organizing and/or
breaking down rhetoric
Farewell Speech by Lou Gehrig
“Fans, for the past two weeks you have been reading about the bad break I got. Yet today
I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of this earth. I have been in ballparks for seventeen
years and have never received anything but kindness and encouragement from you fans.
“Look at these grand men. Which of you wouldn’t consider it the highlight of his career
just to associate with them for even one day? Sure, I’m lucky. Who wouldn’t consider it an honor
to have known Jacob Ruppert? Also, the builder of baseball’s greatest empire, Ed Barrow? To have
spent six years with that wonderful little fellow, Miller Huggins? Then to have spent the next nine
years with that outstanding leader, that smart student of psychology, the best manager in baseball
today, Joe McCarthy? Sure, I’m lucky.
“When the New York Giants, a team you would give your right arm to beat, and vice
versa, sends you a gift – that’s something. When everybody down to the groundskeepers and
those boys in white coats remember you with trophies – that’s something. When you have a
wonderful mother-in-law who takes sides with you in squabbles with her own daughter – that’s
something. When you have a father and a mother who work all their lives so you can have an
education and build your body – it’s a blessing. When you have a wife who has been a tower of
strength and shown more courage than you dreamed existed – that’s the finest I know.
“So I close in saying that I may have had a tough break, but I have an awful lot to live for.”
9/11 Speech by George W. Bush
Good evening. Today, our fellow citizens, our way of life, our very freedom came under
attack in a series of deliberate and deadly terrorist acts. The victims were in airplanes, or in
their offices; secretaries, businessmen and women, military and federal workers; moms and
dads, friends and neighbors. Thousands of lives were suddenly ended by evil, despicable acts of
terror.
The pictures of airplanes flying into buildings, fires burning, huge structures collapsing,
have filled us with disbelief, terrible sadness, and a quiet, unyielding anger. These acts of mass
murder were intended to frighten our nation into chaos and retreat. But they have failed; our
country is strong.
A great people has been moved to defend a great nation. Terrorist attacks can shake
the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of America.
These acts shattered steel, but they cannot dent the steel of American resolve.
America was targeted for attack because we're the brightest beacon for freedom and
opportunity in the world. And no one will keep that light from shining.
Today, our nation saw evil, the very worst of human nature. And we responded with
the best of America — with the daring of our rescue workers, with the caring for strangers and
neighbors who came to give blood and help in any way they could.
Immediately following the first attack, I implemented our government's emergency
response plans. Our military is powerful, and it's prepared. Our emergency teams are working
in New York City and Washington, D.C. to help with local rescue efforts.
Our first priority is to get help to those who have been injured, and to take every
precaution to protect our citizens at home and around the world from further attacks.
The functions of our government continue without interruption. Federal agencies in
Washington which had to be evacuated today are reopening for essential personnel tonight,
and will be open for business tomorrow. Our financial institutions remain strong, and the
American economy will be open for business, as well.
The search is underway for those who are behind these evil acts. I've directed the full
resources of our intelligence and law enforcement communities to find those responsible and
to bring them to justice. We will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed
these acts and those who harbor them.
I appreciate so very much the members of Congress who have joined me in strongly
condemning these attacks. And on behalf of the American people, I thank the many world
leaders who have called to offer their condolences and assistance.
America and our friends and allies join with all those who want peace and security in
the world, and we stand together to win the war against terrorism. Tonight, I ask for your
prayers for all those who grieve, for the children whose worlds have been shattered, for all
whose sense of safety and security has been threatened. And I pray they will be comforted by a
power greater than any of us, spoken through the ages in Psalm 23: "Even though I walk
through the valley of the shadow of death, I fear no evil, for You are with me."
This is a day when all Americans from every walk of life unite in our resolve for justice
and peace. America has stood down enemies before, and we will do so this time. None of us
will ever forget this day. Yet, we go forward to defend freedom and all that is good and just in
our world.
Thank you. Good night, and God bless America.
SOAPS in Bush’s 9/11 Speech
S:
O:
A:
P:
S:
Appeals to Ethos, Logos, and Pathos
Ethos:
• Character-based appeal
• Demonstrate credibility and
trustworthiness
• Shows shared values between
writer and audience
• Established by reputation of
writer or speaker, or the tone
given
• Expertise and knowledge
Appeals to Ethos, Logos, and Pathos
Logos
• Reason-based appeal
• Writer’s/speaker’s appeal to
logos by offering clear, rational
ideas
• Fact-based, with a clearly stated
claim/thesis
Appeals to Ethos, Logos, and Pathos
Pathos:
• Emotional appeal
• Can add important dimension,
but not effective in the long run
• Short-term effects
Visual Rhetoric
• Ex. political cartoons
• Can use satire or comment
without any sarcasm or criticism
• Rhetoric is also found in
literature, including poetry,
fiction, and drama
Activity Directions
• In groups of three or four, you will create
an advertisement (i.e. commercial) that
appeals to either ethos, logos, or pathos.
• The advertisement needs to be about an
existing product that we will know
about…meaning even your teacher. This
can even be something as simples as a
certain vegetable or fruit.
• You will need to use your brilliant acting
skills for this assignment, or your can
create and explain a storyboard.
• Needs to be between 30 and 45 seconds
• Remember to keep it school appropriate!
• Form your group and choose your appeal
type—only so many spots per appeal!