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Kingdom Anamalia
Animal Kingdom contains organisms that are:
Motile
multicellular
diploid
heterotrophic
ingestive nutrition
eukaryotic
oogamous sexual reproduction
blastula embryonic development
Kingdom Anamalia
• The Animal Kingdom contains the most
species (more than 1 million known and an
estimated 1 million undiscovered)
• We will study 10 phyla divided into subphyla,
classes and orders
• 5 Lower Phyla of Invertebrates (sponges,
jellyfish some worms)
• 4 Higher Phyla of Invertebrates
(snails, insects, starfish) (+ 2 sub-phyla)
• 1 Chordata Sub-Phyla (fish, birds, reptiles,
amphibians, mammals & me & you)
Kingdom Anamalia
• Multicellular Animals = Metazoa
• The metazoan cell is a specialized part
of the whole organism and is
incapable of independent existence
• Protozoan cells can live independently
Kingdom Anamalia - Criteria for phylum placement
• 1) Number of cells/level of organization,
cells > tissues > organs > systems
• 2) Number of Embryonic “Germ Layers”
• diploblastic - 2 layers of tissue - ectoderm &
endoderm, separated by a mesoglea layer
“middle glue”
• triploblastic - ectoderm - skin & nervous tissue
- mesoderm - support & movement
- endoderm - digestive organs,
spleen, pancreas
Kingdom Anamalia
• Embryonic layers develop into body layers
• Most animals become a “tube within a tube”
• Inner tube, endoderm, is lining of the
digestive tract and reproductive system
• Outer tube, ectoderm, is protective and sense
organs
• In between tubes, mesoderm, are
reproductive, muscular, circulatory and
excretion systems.
Kingdom Anamalia
• Animals with three body layers can be divided
into three categories
• Acoelomates have no space between their layers
• Coelomates contain a fluid-filled space in the
mesoderm (coelom). This allows their body
organs to move independently.
• Pseudocoelomates - fluid-filled pseudocoel
between layers
Kingdom Anamalia - Criteria for phylum placement
• 3) Determination of basic structural relationships
• Homologies - homologous structures - a structure
with similar structure and derived from the same
embryonic tissue
• (wing of a bat, wing of a bird, fin of a fish, arm of
a human)
• Analogies - Analogous structures - structure with
similar function but different embryonic tissues
• (leg of a centipede/ dog -or- wings of bee / bird)
Kingdom Anamalia - Criteria for phylum placement
• 4) Body symmetry in the young and in the adult
• Asymmetry - no equal sides
• Radial symmetry - central point, several places
to divide in half equally - ex. Starfish
• Bilateral symmetry - 1 plane of symmetry
ex. Human
• Related terms: anterior, posterior, ventral,
dorsal, frontal plane, transverse plane, sagittal
plane, proximal & distal
Kingdom Anamalia - more symmetry terms
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Oral - toward the mouth
Aboral - away from the mouth
Caudal - toward the tail
Lateral - on the side
Medial - toward the midline
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Porifera
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Porifera
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Porifera
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Porifera
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Porifera
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Porifera
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Porifera
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Porifera
• “The Sponges” “Pore-bearing” 5,000 species
• Sponges are simple, sessile, solitary or colonial
filter feeders. They must live in water.
• They are not true metazoans, because they have
no tissues or organs - just specialized cells which
are capable of some independent life.
• (H. V. Wilson and his fine silk, 3 weeks recovery)
• Sponges have radial or asymmetrical bodies,
simple sponges have a vase-shaped body,
sometimes with folds inside.
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Porifera
• Sponges are diploblasts with a specialized mesoglea
that becomes a gelatinous matrix between endoderm
& ectoderm. This mesoglea contains:
• pinacocytes - outer layer for protection
• porocytes - ring-shaped cells that form pores
called ostia
• choanocytes - collar cells, facing inward with
flagella that create the feeding current and
microvilli that trap food
• amoebocytes - transport/digest food
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Porifera
• Archeocytes - totipotent cells that can morph into
any of the above type cells or produce egg &
sperm cells
• A skeleton also exists in this layer, made of
resilient fibrous protein called spongin and sharp
little calcium carbonate spikes called spicules.
The skeleton is used as a common bathing sponge.
• Some sponges are symbionts with algae or
cyanobacteria, giving them vibrant colors
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum
Porifera
Images of skeleton and spicules
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Porifera
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Porifera
• Feeding is accomplished by choanocytes drawing
water in and filtering out microscopic plankton
and dead tissue.
• Amoebocytes phagocytize and digest food,
moving it about the sponge
• Water passes out an opening at the top of the
sponge, called the osculum. Wastes are removed
along with extra water.
• Carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged
through diffusion - no organs or systems
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Porifera
• Reproduction occurs in several forms
• Asexual through budding or fragmentation and
regeneration
• Sexual by flagellated sperm swims out of male
sponge and is trapped in feeding current of a
female with an egg. The zygote becomes a
ciliated free swimming larvae before settling
down. Monoecious and hermaphroditic.
• Some form gemmules - little balls of amoeboid
cells surrounded by spicules that break off to form
a new adult. Some overwinter as gemmules.
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Cnidaria
Cnid = nettle or irritate
Radial Symmetry, Diploblastic
Entirely aquatic, mostly marine
Tissue level of organization, exception-tentacles
are organs (skin, muscle & nerve)
Incomplete digestive system - single opening for
mouth and anus (surrounded by tentacles)
Digestive enzymes are secreted into the gut
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Cnidaria
Contain cnidocytes (stinging cells) on tentacles
Cnidocil is a trigger
Nematocyst is the stinger - it is barber with
neurotransmitters and can stick to or wrap
around prey
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Cnidaria
Simple nervous net (statocysts) that is used for
balance and orientation
(no brain = no “thinking”)
No excretory / no respiratory, simple diffusion
accomplishes all gas exchange & waste needs
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Cnidaria
Two basic body forms:
Polyp - asexual reproduction, sessile
Medusa - sexual reproduction, mobile
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Cnidaria
Placed into at least 6 classes:
Hydrazoa - hydra &
Portuguese man-of-war
Scyphozoa - jellyfish
Anthozoa - sea anemone
Cubozoa - box jellies
Ctenophora - comb jellies
Conulariida - fossils only
Kingdom Anamalia - Class Hydrozoa
Kingdom Anamalia - Class Hydrozoa
Kingdom Anamalia - Class Hydrozoa
May be solitary or live in colonies
Typical life cycle includes polyp & medusa
example: Hydra
freshwater, solitary polyp - never colonial or
medusa
reproduces asexually by budding or sexual
under poor conditions
producing sperm or eggs in gonad, but never
both
Kingdom Anamalia - Class Hydrozoa
Kingdom Anamalia - Class Hydrozoa
Example: Portuguese man-of-war
Looks like a jellyfish, but is actually a floating
Colony of four different types of polyps:
-the float polyp - gas filled for floating
-the reproductive polyp - asexual
-the tentacle polyp - stinging cells
-the digestive polyp - shares with the colony
Kingdom Anamalia - Class Hydrozoa
Example: Obelia
colonial form - two kinds of polyps
gastrozoids -feeding polyps with tentacles
gonangia - asexual buds remain attached
to the parent & produce a free-swimming
medusa
medusa is solitary and produces either
sperm or eggs
Kingdom Anamalia - Class Scyphozoa
Kingdom Anamalia - Class Scyphozoa
Class Scyphozoa
Kingdom Anamalia - Class Scyphozoa
Name means the “cup animals” 200 species
Jellyfish & sea nettle
Range in color from clear to bright pink, blue,
red or orange
Medusa is the dominant form, polyp present
Male or female in medusa form
“Bell” contains no brain, but it does have a
statocyst and a ocelli (complex eye)
Kingdom Anamalia - Statocyst
Moon Jellies First Swim
Kingdom Anamalia - Class Cubozoa
Kingdom Anamalia - Class Cubozoa
Kingdom Anamalia - Class Cubozoa
“Box Jellies” 20 species
Very similar to jellyfish but:
square when viewed from the top
always have four tentacles or four
bunches of tentacles - one in each corner
of the square
Have a very sophisticated eye, despite having
no brain they can see very well
Chironex fleckeri (sea wasp) of Australia can
deliver a sting that kills in 3 minuets
Kingdom Anamalia - Class Cubozoa - sea wasp
Box Jellyfish regularly swarm to
Hawaii's shores 9 to 10 days after
the full moon. Carybdea alata cause
the most "trouble" for humans in
Hawai`i. Don't go into areas where
sighted, or if dead ones are seen on
the beach. Observe posted signs.
Chironex fleckeri is found off the shores of
Northern Australia, PNG, Malaysia,
Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and
Vietnam.
Kingdom Anamalia Class Cubozoa - sea
wasp
Kingdom Anamalia - Class Cubozoa
Kingdom Anamalia - Class Ctenophora
Kingdom Anamalia - Class Ctenophora
Kingdom Anamalia - Class Ctenophora
“Comb-bearers”
sea walnuts, comb jellies, sea gooseberries &
Venus’s girdle
Unlike other Cnidarians:
8 rows of short combs that beat for movement
2 tentacles, not centered at mouth
biting glue cells instead of stinging cells
triploblastic - still incomplete digestive tract
capable of bioluminescence (luciferase)
Kingdom Anamalia - Class Anthozoa
Kingdom Anamalia - Class Anthozoa
Kingdom Anamalia - Class Anthozoa
“flower animals”
6100 species
Sea anemones, sea fans, sea pansies and
most coral
Exist only as polyps - but much larger than
the hydrozoans
Reproduce asexually by budding or
Sexually when males/females release
sperm/egg
Zygote develops into free-swimming
planula larvae that settle to form polyp
Kingdom Anamalia - Class Anthozoa
Coral reefs are formed by colonial anthozoans
whose polyps secrete walls of calcium carbonate
Kingdom Anamalia Class Conulariida
No living species only fossils
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Platyhelminthes
General Characteristics:
Acoelomates
Triploblastic - true mesoderm
Bilateral symmetry
Cephalization - has a head (anterior end)
where nerves are concentrated to sense
the environment
Organ level of organization - sense organs,
no respiratory, skeletal or circulatory
Incomplete digestive system
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum
Platyhelminthes
Three Classes:
Turbellaria - free living flatworms
Trematoda - parasitic flukes
Cestoda - tapeworms
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Class Turbellaria
Examples: Planaria, Dugesia
Only class of free living (non-parasitic)
flatworms
Ladder type nervous system with anterior
ganglia
Ocelli - eyespots that detect light
Auricles for tasting chemicals in environment
Pharynx for feeding
Branched gastrovascular cavity for digestion
Kingdom Anamalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria
Auricle
Ocelli
Kingdom
Anamalia
Phylum
Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria
Ocelli
Auricle
Kingdom Anamalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria
Anterior
Ganglia
Branched
Digestive
system
Pharynx
Penis fencing
Hermaphrodites - Every
individual has both male
and female “parts”
• We often think of animals hunting
and fighting for food, but many
flatworms appear to hunt and fight
for mates. Each worm is
hermaphroditic, containing both
ovaries with eggs and testes with
sperm. Some even have two penises
and one or more genital pores for
receiving a unique, two-tailed sperm
delivered during copulation.
• Using new camera technology,
Marine Biologist Leslie Newman of
Australia's Southern Cross University
participated in filming the marine
flatworm Pseudobiceros hancockanus
engaging in some odd reproductive
behavior -- referred to as penis
fencing.
•During penis fencing, each flatworm
tries to pierce the skin of the other
using one of its penises. The first to
succeed becomes the de facto male,
delivering its sperm into the other, the
de facto female. For the flatworms,
this contest is serious business. Mating
is a fight because the worm that
assumes the female role then must
expend considerable energy caring for
the developing eggs.
Penis fencing
• Video:
http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/video/t
v_high.html?ep_hunt_explo2_mov_hi
• http://www.ifilm.com/ifilmdetail/2458366
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Class Turbellaria
Protonephridia - primitive kidneys
Flame bulbs - collect excess water and send it
through canals to nephridiopores where
water will exit the body
Move by gliding on beating cilia over a
secreted slime tract - head slightly raised
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Class Turbellaria
Asexual reproduction by totipotent cells or
binary fission (split below parnyx)
Sexual reproduction-hermaphrodites, but no
self fertilization, sperm exchanged through
genital pore
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Class Trematoda
Parasitic Flukes
Examples: Human Liver Fluke, Swimmer’s
Itch, Schistosomiasis (blood flukes), Chinese
liver fluke
Like turbellarians, but:
-Poor sense organs, no cilia
-High reproductive capacity, suckers for
attachment (oral and ventral), two part
digestive tract
Class Trematoda Sheep Liver Fluke
Pharynx
Oral Sucker
Two Part Digestive Tract
Class Trematoda Chinese Liver Fluke
Ventral Sucker
Oral Sucker
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Class Trematoda
Life Cycle:
Involves at least two hosts - usually a vertebrate
and a mollusc
Asexual reproduction in the primary host
Sexual reproduction in the secondary host
Human -->
Snail -->
Fish --> Human
fertilized eggs - larve make radia - dormant - active sexual
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Class Cestoda
Example: tapeworm
No digestive system - absorb digested
nutrients from the host
No cilia, no movement
Microtriches - projections on ectoderm that
increase the absorptive surface area
Scolex - head with hooks & suckers
Proglottids - formed by budding, fill with
fertilized eggs and break off
Genital pore at tail end
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Class Cestoda
Young Progottid
Scolex
Old Progottid
can grow up to 30 feet – length of whole intestine
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Class Cestoda
Hooks
Suckers
Scolex
A tapeworms fancy attachment
equipment
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Class Cestoda
Suckers
how do you get a tape worm?
Urban Myths
• A young woman had tried all kinds of diets
that didn't work, and finally she decided to
try diet pills. They made her lose so much
weight all at once that she was really happy.
Then one night, when she was lying in bed
with her husband, a tapeworm crawled right
out of her nose. It had made her sick and
caused her to lose so much weight all of a
sudden.
Urban Myths
Urban Myths
• A few years ago there was a company who put out
sure-fire diet pills, guaranteed to lose weight in no
time. People began to take these pills, and in no time
the people were losing weight. After a few weeks these
people began to lose too much weight. So the
government investigated. They opened the pills and
found the head of a tapeworm. Tapeworms are hard to
get rid of. They had the person starve himself for days.
Then they set a bowl of hot milk in front of the person.
He had to keep his mouth open. After a while the
tapeworm began to come up his throat 'cause he
smelled the milk. They kept moving the bowl further
away until the tapeworm was completely out.
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Rhyncocoela
Ribbon Worms
General Characteristics:
- acoelomate, free living, mostly marine
- have a complete digestive system
Protonephridia - filters water & some waste
Proboscis - long muscular projection that
shoots out to capture prey
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Nematoda
Bilateral symmetry
Cephalized head
Have a pseudocoelom - allows room for
organs and fluid space for movement
Body is covered by a non-living, secreted
protein cuticle - covering for protection
No cilia/flagella - move using a hydrostatic
skeleton - non-compressible fluid in the
pseudocoelom
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Nematoda
Nervous system contains a dorsal & ventral
nerve cord - brain
Examples:
Round worms, pinworms, filarial worms
(elephantiosis), trichinella (trichinosis)
hookworm
Are round worms
dangerous?
There have been cases of
human illness caused by the
ingestion of live Phocanema
or Anisakis larvae in countries
where raw or lightly cured fish
is commonly eaten. By 1980,
there had been only one
reported case of illness in the
United Kingdom caused by
larval round worms from fish;
this is because in the UK fish
products are normally cooked
before consumption.
• Toxocara canis is the predominant
cause of a serious condition called
“Visceral Larva Migrans” in humans.
Most victims are children. They are
infected by inadvertantly consuming
worm eggs in soil (typically by
getting dirty fingers in their
mouths). The worm is not present in
its correct host but tries to complete
its life cycle anyway. The worm gets
lost in the human body (classically in
the eye), dies, and generates an
extreme inflammatory reaction. If the
worm dies within the human eye,
blindness usually results.
• For this reason, it is important for
parents to be aware of this
hazard. Proper hand-washing will
prevent infection. Monthly pet
deworming will reduce environmental
contamination. Public leash laws and
restriction of dog walking are meant
to reduce fecal contamination of
public areas. Stray cats should be kept
away from children’s sandboxes.
hookworm
•
any of a number of bloodsucking nematodes in the phylum Nematoda , order Strongiloidae that live
as parasites in humans and other mammals and attach themselves to the host's intestines by means of
hooks. Hookworm infection in humans is caused by infestation with Ancylostoma duodenale (the
European species) or with Necator americanus (the American species). It is found in tropical and
subtropical climates, especially where the inhabitants do not wear shoes or stockings and where the
soil is contaminated by human excrement. The larva of the hookworm, living in moist soil or mud,
easily penetrates the exposed skin, usually the sole of the foot, and is then carried by the blood to the
lungs. An early sign of hookworm infestation is a dermatitis at the site of entry, known as ground
itch. As the larva passes through the lungs, it causes episodes of coughing with bloody sputum.
Raised with the mucus into the mouth, the larva is then swallowed. It may also be swallowed with
polluted drinking water or with unclean vegetables eaten raw. By means of its hooks the larva
attaches itself to the upper portion of the small intestine, where it nourishes itself on the blood of its
host. The larva matures and the female produces eggs, as many as 30,000 per day, that are passed
from the intestine with the feces, usually to contaminate the soil still further. The drain on the blood
of the host results in anemia. This, together with the resulting abdominal pain and diarrhea, causes
general debility. Hookworm is treated with drugs, notably tetrachloroethylene, that loosen and
destroy the parasite, as well as with specifics for the anemia and abdominal symptoms. Incidence of
this disease, which was once seriously prevalent, has been much reduced by improved sanitation and
the wearing of shoes.
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Rotifera
“Wheel Bearing”
-Free living, tiny (40 microns to 3 mm) around 1,000 cells, transparent &
pseudocoelom, some; swim, sessile,
colonial
-Advanced protonephridia - filter fluids to
cloacal bladder
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Rotifera
The body consists of a:
-Head with a ciliated wheel shaped organ
called the corona
-Trunk, with mastix for chewing, stomach,
intestine, cloacal bladder, reproductive
organs
-Foot, pedal glands secrete a cementing
substance, “toes”, anus
Kingdom Anamalia Phylum Rotifera
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Rotifera
Reproduction:
Females are much larger than males and greater in
number
Parthenogenesis - amitric - without males
-in the spring/summer female lays eggs that
develop into more females
Mitric - with males
-late in the fall, females lay eggs that hatch into
males, these males fertilize females
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Rotifera
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Rotifera
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Rotifera
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Rotifera
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Rotifera
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Rotifera