Human Security and R2P
Bjørn Møller
Presentation to the
2014 IPRA Conference
Bjørn Møller
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Copenhagen Peace Research Inst. (COPRI) 1985-2001
Danish Inst. for Internat. Studies (DIIS) 2001-2011
Aalborg University, Copenhagen (AAU-DPH) 2011Lecturer at Centre of African Studies (CAS) 1992-
• SG of IPRA 1997-2000
• Refugee Appeals Board 2013• CRIC (Center for the Resolution of International Conficts)
2013-
”Security”
Label
Referent
National Security
Societal security
Human Security
Environmental Security
S. from the
environm.
S. of the
environm.
The State
Regime
Nations
Societal groups
Individuals
Individuals, Mankind
Ecosystem,
Species, Planet
National Security
• Absence of threat to the State’s
– Sovereignty (formal/empirical, external/internal)
– Territorial integrity
• From
– Enemy states (invasion, occupation, annexation)
– Domestic enemies (secession)
– International organisations ()
• Form: Military/Other
Societal Security
• Security of human collective
– National, Ethnic, Religous, Other
• Value at stake: Identity
• Threats:
– Genocide
– Discrimination
– Forceful assimilation
– Immigration
Human security
• Security of human individuals
– Freedom from fear
– Freedom from want
• Value at stake
– Survival
– Quality of life
• Threats
– Human rights violations, crime, poverty
Human Rights
Human Development
Human Security
Human Development
• Inventors
– Amartya Sen (India)
– Mahbub ul Haq (Pakistan)
• Origins: UNDP
• HDI: Human Development Index
Resemblance: (Absence of) Structural Violence
National and/or Human Security
National Security
Human Security
• Sovereignty
• Non-intervention
• Human rights
• Human development
Real national security v.
Regime security
”Non-indifference”
Normal circumstances
Exception
R2P: A western imposition?
Genealogy of R2P
• Human development:
– Sen (India)
– ul-Haq (Pakistan)
• Sovereignty as Responsibility
– Francis Deng (Sudan)
– Boutros Gali (Egypt)
– Kofi Annan
Francis Deng: Father of R2P
1.
2.
3.
4.
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)
”Kampala Movement”
Sovereignty as Responsibility
Special Adviser to the United Nations
Secretary-General on thePrevention of
Genocide and Mass Atrocities
Impetus to R2P
Kosovo: Hum. Int. (1999)
Rwandan non-intervention
(1994)
ICISS: International Comm.
On Intervention and State
Sovereignty (2001)
OAU Report
”UN Track”
AU Constituent Act art. 4:
“right of the AU to intervene into
internal affairs of a member state
in cases of war crimes, genocide
and crimes against humanity” +
“threats to legitimate order”
ICISS: R2P
Responsibility to
• Prevent
• Protect
• Rebuild
Whose Responsibility?
1. The State
2. Others
Modalities
Modified just war criteria:
• Just Cause
• Just Authority
• Proportionality
• Likelihood of success
R2P: The UN Track
1. lCISS Report (2001)
2. High-Level Panel: ” A More Secure World: Our Shared
Responsibility” (2004)
3. SG Report: ”In Larger Freedom” (2005)
4. UN Summit Declaration (2005)
Each individual State has the responsibility to protect its populations from genocide,
war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. (…) The international
community should, as appropriate, encourage and help States to exercise this
responsibility and support the United Nations in establishing an early warning
capability. The international community, through the United Nations, also has the
responsibility to use appropriate diplomatic, humanitarian and other peaceful means,
in accordance with Chapters VI and VIII of the Charter, to help to protect populations
from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. In this
context, we are prepared to take collective action, in a timely and decisive manner,
through the Security Council, in accordance with the Charter, including Chapter VII, on
a case-by-case basis and in cooperation with relevant regional organizations as
appropriate, should peaceful means be inadequate and national authorities are
manifestly failing to protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic
cleansing and crimes against humanity. (GA/RS/60/1, articles 138-139).
R2P: Taxonomy
”R2P Lite”
”The Full Monty”:
Humanitarian Intervention Protection of civilians
• Enforce policy change
• Enforce regime change
But also:
• Resp. to prevent
• Resp. to rebuild
Military v. civilian means:
The Full Monty
Means
Military
Civilian
Ends
Policy change
Air strikes
Diplomacy
Regime change
Land forces
???
Military v. civilian means: R2P Lite
Means
Ends
Shield from attack
Save Lives
Military
Civilian
Direct protection
Safe Havens
No-fly Zones
Convoying
Sanctions
Penal sanctions (ICC,
special tribunals)
Provide emergency
relief
Provide emergency
relief
Accept refugees
Problems and Caveats
• Abuse
– Hitler: Protect Sudeten Germans
– Putin: Protect ethnic Russians in Ukraine
• Hidden agendas
• Selectivity: R2P inapplicable to
– Nuclear and/or great powers
– States with powerful allies