Lecture I
Introduction; The
Cardiovascular System (CVS)
Dr. Aya M. Serry
2016
SUBJECT
GRADE
Quizzes
10
First Assessment Exam
20
Second Assessment Exam
20
Self Learning (Project)
10
Final Exam
40
TOTAL
100
Course Objectives
• Upon Completion of this course you
should be able to:
1.
Understand the relationship between the symptoms and the
disease, which might be helpful in differential diagnosis
2.
Understand mechanisms of different diseases
3.
Discuss the etiology, pathogenesis, morphology and clinical
significance of selected disorders of the cardiovascular,
pulmonary, Female reproductive, renal, GIT and endocrine
systems
4.
Understand the causes and systemic, cellular and sub-cellular
mechanisms of the development of the most significant
diseases and their symptoms and syndromes.
Definition of Pathophysiology
Lecture Objectives…
1
2
Identifying the Components of the cardiovascular system
Revising the general structure of the heart and its Basic
Functions
Introduction
• The cardiovascular system (CVS) consists of
the heart and blood vessels.
• It is a closed system in which blood circulates,
hence the synonym ‘circulatory system’.
Components of the CVS
1. Heart:
It is a pump composed of 4 chambers (2 atria & 2 ventricles)
2. Blood Vessels:
The blood vessels are systems of tube including:
a) Arteries and arteriols which carry the blood from the
heart to all parts of the body.
b) Veins and Venules which carry the blood back from the
tissues to the heart.
c) Blood capillaries which form a network of fine vessels
connecting the arteriols with the venules, and they are the
sites of exchange of gases (O2 & CO2).
THE HEART
THE HEART
The heart is a hollow muscular organ. Its walls are
composed of a muscle called the cardiac muscle
or the myocardium which is lined by a endothelial
layer called the endocardium (in contact with the
blood inside the heart cavity) and covered by a
thin layer called the epicardium.
THE HEART
• The heart is the central pump of the CVS that
drives blood through the blood vessels.
• It is a muscular structure, which is made up of
four chambers.
Heart Beats
• A heart beat consists of a systole + a diastole of
cardiac chambers.
• The heart of a normal adult male beats automatically
and regularly at a rate of 75 beats/minute during rest.
• The normal range of heart rate is between 60 – 100
beats /minute.
Abnormal Heart Beats
Heart rate that exceeds the
normal range. A resting heart
Tachycardia
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rate over 100 beats per
minute is generally accepted
as tachycardia.
Bradycardia
Heart rate that is under the
normal range. the resting
heart rate of under 60 beats
per minute is generally
accepted as bradycardia.
Cardiac Chambers & their functions
The human HEART consists of four chambers:
• Two atria (right and left) which are separated from
each other by the interatrial septum.
• Two ventricles (right and left) which are separated from
each other by the interventricular septum. The wall of the
left ventricle is about 3 times thicker than the wall of the
right ventricle.
Functions of The Atria
The atria have 2 main functions:
1)They act as blood reservoir for the blood
returning back from the body to the heart.
2)They act as pumps (primer pumps). Atrial
contraction pushes about 25% of the blood filling
the ventricles during ventricular diastole.
Functions of The Ventricles
The function of the ventricles :
Are the powerful cardiac pumps filling the arteries
with blood. The right ventricle pushes blood into the
pulmonary arteries, while the left ventricle pushes
blood into the aorta during ventricular systole.
Basic Function of the Heart
The left side of the heart (high pressure side) acts a
pressure pump that pumps blood into the systemic
arteries at a sufficient pressure that drives blood to the
tissues
2) The right side of the heart (low pressure side) pumps
blood into the pulmonary arteries at a relatively lower
pressure that drives blood into the lungs only
1)
Functions of the CVS
1.
The heart provides the driving force for the
cardiovascular system.
2.
The arteries serve as distribution channels to
the organs.
3.
The veins serve as blood reservoirs and
collect the blood to return it to the heart.
4.
The microcirculation, which includes the
capillaries, serve as the exchange region.
THANK
YOU…..