REVIEW
1ST MIDTERM
LI 2013
NATHALIE F. MARTIN
Table of Content
Here is what will be on the exam:
 Fields of linguistics (in class + handout)
 Language: The Nature of Communication
 (chap. 1, Rowe & Levine)
 Human Communication
 Language and Grammar
 International Phonetic Alphabet
 Morphology
 (chap. 4, Rowe & Levine)
 What you should know:
MORPHOLOGY


(chap. 4, Rowe &
Levine)
Def: Morphology
Morphemes:


Free, bound morphemes
Analysing Word Structure
Root, affix
 Base
 Affix: prefix, suffix, infixes, circumfix


Derivation:
 English
derivational affixes
 Constraints in derivation
 Trees
 What you should know:
MORPHOLOGY
(continued)
(chap. 4, O’Grady)
Inflection:
 Inflection in English
 Inflection vs. Derivation
 Compounding:
 Properties of compounds


Other Morphological Phenomenon:

Processes: Compounding, Conversion,
Clipping, Blending, Back-formation,
Acronyms, Onomatopoeia, Eponyms &
Trade names, Derivation, Other word
formation processes
Trees – Word Structure
 Draw tree.
a)
b)
Reference: O’Grady & al. (2009)
Trees – Word Structure
 Draw trees.
c)
Reference: O’Grady & al. (2009)
Morphology
Invent a word using this root : WORSHIP
1.
2.
3.
4.
by adding a prefix to this base (make sure that there are
no constrains to the combination).
And then adding a suffix.
Draw the structure (tree) of the two words that you have
just created.
What are the lexical categories of these words?
Communication
 WHO/WHAT CAN COMMUNICATE?
 WHAT DOES ONE (HUMAN OR NON
HUMAN) NEED TO BE ABLE TO
COMMUNICATE?
 WHAT IS LANGUAGE?
 DO ANIMALS HAVE LANGUAGE ABILITIES?
Communication
 Communication is a behaviour, or the
transmission of information, that affects the
behaviour of others.
 When a living organism (or machine)
communicates it sends messages about itself or its
environment.
 The message is placed into a code.

Humans have a highly elaborate code called language.
 What you should know:
LANGUAGE: AN
INTRODUCTION
(chap. 1, O’Grady)



How humans are made to speak
What is language
Linguistic competence vs.
performance

Descriptive vs. Prescriptive approach to
language

Grammar:
 Generality,
parity, universality,
mutability, inaccessibility
Things you should know …
 What is language?
 Definiti0n: language, languages and speech
 Linguistic competence vs. performance
Language, Languages and Speech
FRENCH
“Language”
ENGLISH
Language/ability
The innate ability to learn and produce language/code.
Natural, universal and innate ability (amongst humans).
“Langue”
Language/code
A code or system, used by consensus.
Ex: different languages (French, English, Spanish, Greek, etc.).
Collective (used within a language group, speakers of the language)
“Parole”
Speech
The individual act of speaking
(Concrete use of the language/code).
Ex: “Please stop the bus!”
Individual.
Communication Process (Jakobson)
Dialects
 Dialect:
A
regional or social variety of a language
characterized by it’s own phonological, syntactic,
or lexical properties.

We will use the term « Variety » in this class
instead of speaking of dialects.
Pidgin
 Pidgin:
A variety that emerges when speakers of a
different language are brought together in a stable
situation requiring intergroup communication;
it has no native speakers and generally is
considered to have a reduced grammatical
system.
Ex: Blood Diamond (Leonardo Dicaprio)
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP5ILgKxapI&feature=related
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=04QTfxGMe_Y
Creole
 Creole:
A variety that arises as the native language of
the children of members of a pidgin speech
community.
Descriptive or Prescriptive?
 Newfoundland English retains distinct morphology
brought in by the original settlers (e.g. « I goes »,
« you goes » and « all the people goes »).
 It is not proper to use double negatives (e.g. I don’t
have nothing).
Grammar, as seen through Linguist’s eyes ...
 Generality:
 All languages have a
 Parity:
grammar
 All grammars are equal
 Universality:
 Grammars are alike in
 Mutability:
 Inaccessibility:
basic ways
 Grammars change over
time
 Grammatical knowledge
is subconscious
 What you should know:
FIELDS OF
LINGUISTICS
(handout and
Powerpoint)




Linguistics
Fields of linguistics (handout and in
class)
Descriptive linguistics
Applied linguistics
FIELDS OF LINGUISTICS
THEORETICAL
LINGUISTICS
APPLIED
LINGUISTICS
 Phonology
 Sociolinguistics
 Morphology
 Psycholinguistics
 Syntax
 Neurolinguistics
 Semantics
 Computational
 Pragmatics
linguistics
PHONETICS:
A Brief
Introduction
(Handout and
Powerpoint)
 What you should know:
 Sounds
of English
Consonants, vowels &
glides
 IPA
symbols general
Consonants
IPA Consonants Examples
IPA Vowels (examples)
IPA Vowels (Diphthongs)
IPA Glides (examples)
Phonetic Practice
1.
Read these words phonetically and write them out
using conventional English spelling.

[mit]

[ ʃuz]

[skul]

[mju
zɪk]
2. Fill in the missing symbols.
 Cartoons = [ _ ɑ _ _ u _ _ ]
 Singing = [ _ ɪ _ ɪ _ ]
 English = [ɪ_ _ _ ɪ_]
 Cheese = [_ _ _ _ ]
HAVE A NICE DAY!
God bless you!
“Now to him who is able to keep you from stumbling
and to present you blameless before the presence of
his glory with great joy, to the only God, our Savior,
through Jesus Christ our Lord, be glory, majesty,
dominion, and authority, before all time and now and
forever. Amen.” (Jud 1:24-25 )