REVIEW
1ST MIDTERM
LI 2013
NATHALIE F. MARTIN
On the Exam ...
Here is what will be on the exam:
 Language: A Preview (chap. 1, O’Grady)
 Fields of linguistics (handout and Powerpoint)
 Phonetics (brief introduction done in class)
 Morphology (chap. 4, O’Grady)
... In short, what we saw in class 
 What you should know:
MORPHOLOGY


(chap. 4, O’Grady)
Def: Morphology
Morphemes:



Free, bound morphemes
Allomorphs
Analysing Word Structure
Root, affix
 Base
 Affix: prefix, suffix, infixes


Derivation:
 English
derivational affixes
 Complex derivation
 Constraints in derivation
 Two classes of derivational affixes
 What you should know:
MORPHOLOGY
(continued)

Inflection:
 Inflections
in English
 Inflection vs. Derivation
(chap. 4, O’Grady)

Compounding:
 Properties
of compounds
 Endocentric and exocentric
compounds
 Compounding in other languages

Other Morphological Phenomenon:
 Processes:
Internal change, suppletion,
reduplication, tone placement /
cliticization, conversion, clipping,
blends, backformation, acronyms,
onomatopoeia, etc.
Correction of last week’s homework
 Exercise 9 (see p. 117)
a)
b)
Correction of last week’s homework
 Exercise 9
c)
Correction of last week’s homework
 Exercise 13
a) Inflectional
b) Derivational
c) Inflectional* → lovely, lovelier, loveliest (p. 125)
d) Inflectional
e) Derivation
Morphology
Invent a word using this root : VACUUM
1.
2.
3.
4.
by adding a prefix to this base (make sure that there are
no constrains to the combination).
And then adding a suffix.
Draw the structure (tree) of the two words that you have
just created.
What are the lexical categories of these words?
 What you should know:
LANGUAGE: AN
INTRODUCTION
(chap. 1, O’Grady)



How humans are made to speak
What is language
Linguistic competence vs.
performance

Descriptive vs. Prescriptive approach to
language

Grammar:
 Generality,
parity, universality,
mutability, inaccessibility
Things you should know …
 What is language?
 Definiti0n: language, languages and speech
 Linguistic competence vs. performance
1.1 Specialization for Language
Contemporary
Linguistics
Analysis: p. 2.
Organ
Survival
Speech
Lungs
Exchange CO2
for O2
Air flow
Vocal
Cords
Cover tube to
lungs
Vibration
Tongue
Move food in
mouth
Articulation
Teeth
Chew food
Articulation
Lips
Seal oral cavity
Articulation
Nose
Breathing
Nasal
resonance
Descriptive or Prescriptive?
 Newfoundland English retains distinct morphology
brought in by the original settlers (e.g. « I goes »,
« you goes » and « all the people goes »).
 It is not proper to use double negatives (e.g. I don’t
have nothing).
Grammar, as seen through Linguist’s eyes ...
 Generality:
 All languages have a
 Parity:
grammar
 All grammars are equal
 Universality:
 Grammars are alike in
 Mutability:
 Inaccessibility:
basic ways
 Grammars change over
time
 Grammatical knowledge
is subconscious
 What you should know:
FIELDS OF
LINGUISTICS
(handout and
Powerpoint)




Linguistics
Fields of linguistics (handout and
Powerpoint)
Descriptive linguistics
Applied linguistics
EARLY DAYS OF THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE
 Philology
 Historical linguistics
 Comparative
linguistics
Objet: ancient
civilisations
Objet: language(s) and
it’s/their evolution
Objet: comparison
between languages
FIELDS OF LINGUISTICS
________________
________________
 Phonology
 Sociolinguistics
 Morphology
 Psycholinguistics
 Syntax
 Neurolinguistics
 Semantics
 Computational
 Pragmatics
linguistics
PHONETICS:
A Brief
Introduction
(Handout and
Powerpoint)
 What you should know:


Introduction to phonetics
Sounds of English



Consonants & vowels
IPA chart (general)
Transcription
IPA Consonants Chart
IPA Vowel Chart
IPA Glides (examples)
Phonetic Practice
1.
Read these words phonetically and write them out
using conventional English spelling.

[mit]

[ ʃuz]

[skul]

[mju
zɪk]
2. Fill in the missing symbols.
 Cartoons = [ _ ɑ _ _ u _ _ ]
 Singing = [ _ ɪ _ ɪ _ ]
 English = [ɪ_ _ _ ɪ_]
 Cheese = [_ _ _ _ ]
HAVE A NICE DAY!
God bless you!
“Now to him who is able to keep you from stumbling
and to present you blameless before the presence of
his glory with great joy, to the only God, our Savior,
through Jesus Christ our Lord, be glory, majesty,
dominion, and authority, before all time and now and
forever. Amen.” (Jud 1:24-25 )