Evaluation of Heating, Ventilation and Air
Conditioning Systems (HVAC) Available for Ohio
Schools
Sponsored By
ASHRAE
Toledo Chapter
Stephen Petty
Energy & Environmental Solutions, Inc.
February 5, 2003
Hi, my name is…
Introductions – Cont.
EES
Stephen Petty
Energy & Environmental Solutions, Inc.
President
Education
B.S. and M.S. Ch.E., U. of Washington
M.B.A., U. of Dayton (Roesch Award)
Certifications
Professional Engineer (OH/PA)
Certified Industrial Hygienist (C.I.H.)
Work History
Battelle – 1979 to 1989
Columbia Gas - 1989 to 1997
EES – 1997 to Present
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
2
SPECIAL THANKS
ASHRAE – Toledo Chapter – Mr. John Koss
Bill Manz:
Sara Ward:
ODOD-OEE
ODOD-OEE
Franklin Brown:
OSFC
Co-Author:
Greg Hochstetler - Julian Speer
Key Contributors: Mark Taylor
- Limbach
John Fetters
EES
- Effective Lighting
Solutions
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
3
LOCATION OF REPORT

EES
See http://www.osfc.state.oh.us/Frequent..htm
for entire report. Final Report sent to ODODOEE and OSFC on November 10, 2000; issued
January 2001
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
4
REPORT/PRESENTATION
OUTLINE

Background

Topics and Results:
 Annual energy use and costs
 Life-cycle costs
 Enthalpy heat recovery
 Ventilation (IAQ)
 Geothermal HP
 Daylighting
5
HISTORY – The Buildings and Locations
EES

Started work in early March 1999. Worked delayed until receipt of
architects drawings for first two schools designed under the new
School Design Manual

First two design manual school envelopes were modeled:
- Uhrichsville High School - Claymont School
District, Dennison, OH - 120,500 ft2
- Katherine Thomas Elementary School Windham Exempted Village Schools Windham, Ohio (Portage County, OH) - 64,442 ft2

Designs modeled in three locations (Cleveland, Cincinnati and
Columbus) – Covers range of weather and utility rates in Ohio.
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
6
BACKGROUND - MODELING DETAILS
EES

Model: Used Carrier’s Hourly Analysis Program
(HAP). Selected because it is an 8,760 model, is
recognized by industry and is a less complex, but
reasonable approximation to DOE 2.1.

Each school divided into distinct spaces or zones:
- Uhrichsville High School - 99 spaces/zones
- Katherine Thomas Elementary School - 76
spaces/zones
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
7
BACKGROUND – MODELING DETAILS
EES

36 Schedules needed for each building (e.g.,
People 1- Classrooms
Lights 1 – Classrooms

Modeled actual construction materials for
walls, roofs and windows

Air Systems: Used the 4 systems outlined in
the OSFC Design Manual (VAV Reheat, Dual
Duct VAV, SFPVAV and WSHP)
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
8
MODELING – “BASELINE” CASES
 Total: 40 HVAC combinations
In three cities - Totals 120 combinations (40 * 3)
And with two buildings – Totals 240 combinations (120 * 2)
240 configuration analyzed for annual building
energy loads and energy costs. Known as
“baseline” cases.
EES
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
9
BACKGROUND – THE “KEY”
System
Number
Air System
Heating
Fuel
Cooling Plant
1A1
VAV with Reheat
Atmospheric
Nat. Gas
Air Cooled Screw Chiller
1A2
VAV with Reheat
Atmospheric
Nat. Gas
Water Cooled Screw Chiller
1A3
VAV with Reheat
Atmospheric
Nat. Gas
Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller
1B1
VAV with Reheat
Power
Nat. Gas
Air Cooled Screw Chiller
1B2
VAV with Reheat
Power
Nat. Gas
Water Cooled Screw Chiller
1B3
VAV with Reheat
Power
Nat. Gas
Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller
1C1
VAV with Reheat
Electric
Electric
Air Cooled Screw Chiller
1C2
VAV with Reheat
Electric
Electric
Water Cooled Screw Chiller
1C3
VAV with Reheat
Electric
Electric
Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller
1D1
VAV with Reheat
Power
Oil
Air Cooled Screw Chiller
1D2
VAV with Reheat
Power
Oil
Water Cooled Screw Chiller
1D3
VAV with Reheat
Power
Oil
2A1
Series Fan Powered VAV Box
Atmospheric
Nat. Gas
2A2
Series Fan Powered VAV Box
Atmospheric
Nat. Gas
2A3
Series Fan Powered VAV Box
Atmospheric
Nat. Gas
2B1
Series Fan Powered VAV Box
Power
Nat. Gas
2B2
Series Fan Powered VAV Box
Power
Nat. Gas
2B3
Series Fan Powered VAV Box
Power
Nat. Gas
Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller
2C1
Series Fan Powered VAV Box
Electric
Electric
Air Cooled Screw Chiller
2C2
Series Fan Powered VAV Box
Electric
Electric
Water Cooled Screw Chiller
2C3
Series Fan Powered VAV Box
Electric
Electric
Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller
2D1
Series Fan Powered VAV Box
Power
Oil
Air Cooled Screw Chiller
2D2
Series Fan Powered VAV Box
Power
Oil
Water Cooled Screw Chiller
2D3
Series Fan Powered VAV Box
Power
Oil
Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller
3A1
Water Source Heat Pump
Atmospheric
Nat. Gas
3B1
Water Source Heat Pump
Power
Nat. Gas
3C1
Water Source Heat Pump
Electric
Electric
3D1
Water Source Heat Pump
Power
Oil
4A1
Dual Duct VAV
Atmospheric
Nat. Gas
Air Cooled Screw Chiller
4A2
Dual Duct VAV
Atmospheric
Nat. Gas
Water Cooled Screw Chiller
4A3
Dual Duct VAV
Atmospheric
Nat. Gas
Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller
4B1
Dual Duct VAV
Power
Nat. Gas
Air Cooled Screw Chiller
4B2
Dual Duct VAV
Power
Nat. Gas
Water Cooled Screw Chiller
4B3
Dual Duct VAV
Power
Nat. Gas
Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller
4C1
Dual Duct VAV
Electric
Electric
Air Cooled Screw Chiller
4C2
Dual Duct VAV
Electric
Electric
Water Cooled Screw Chiller
4C3
Dual Duct VAV
Electric
Electric
Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller
4D1
Dual Duct VAV
Power
Oil
Air Cooled Screw Chiller
4D2
Dual Duct VAV
Power
Oil
Water Cooled Screw Chiller
4D3
Dual Duct VAV
Power
Oil
Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller
System
Number
1A1
1A2
EES
Boiler
Air System
VAV with Reheat
VAV with Reheat
Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller
Boiler
Atmospheric
Atmospheric
Air Cooled Screw Chiller
Water Cooled Screw Chiller
Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller
Air Cooled Screw Chiller
Water Cooled Screw Chiller
Heating Fuel
Nat. Gas
Nat. Gas
Cooling Plant
Air Cooled Screw Chiller
Water Cooled Screw Chiller
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
10
BACKGROUND – THE “KEY” Continued
Key: XYZ where:
X: is the air system
- “1” is a VAV with reheat
- “2” is a Series fan powered VAV box
- “3” is a Water-source heat pump
- “4” is a Dual-duct VAV
Y: is the heating plant system
- “A” is an atmospheric natural gas boiler
- “B” is a powered natural gas boiler
- “C” is an electric boiler
- “D” is a powered oil boiler
Z: is the cooling plant system
- “1” is an air-cooled screw chiller; except HP for HP cases
- “2” is a water-cooled screw chiller
- “3” is a water-cooled centrifugal chiller
Thus “1A1” is a VAV with reheat air system using an atmospheric natural
gas boiler for heating and an air-cooled screw chiller for cooling.
EES
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
11
BACKGROUND –
Utility/Energy Rates Used
EES

Electric:
Cleveland - CEI -- SS
Columbus - CSP -- GS-3
Cincinnati - CG&E -- GS

Gas:
Cleveland and Columbus - Columbia Gas -- GS
Cincinnati - CG&E – DS

Oil:
All cities - $0.80 per gallon
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
12
BACKGROUND – BASELINE
MODEL OUPUT

Hourly electric (kW and kWh), natural gas
(BTU) and oil consumption (BTU) determined
by system
Then
 Combined hourly energy consumption with
energy rates in an Excel spreadsheet to
determine annual energy costs.

EES
Presented as both site and source annual
energy consumption.
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
13
BASELINE ANNUAL ENERGY USE
– Site Energy Consumption
EES
HVAC
OPTION
Elec.
(kWH)
Nat. Gas
(MCF)
Fuel Oil
(gallons)
Site Energy
(MBTU)
Max.
(kW)
1A1
476,059
916
0
2,568
432
1A2
430,333
916
0
2,412
358
1A3
443,414
916
0
2,456
329
1B1
477,825
905
0
2,562
432
1B2
432,099
905
0
2,406
358
1B3
445,179
905
0
2,451
329
1C1
693,900
0
0
2,368
469
1C2
648,174
0
0
2,212
469
1C3
661,254
0
0
2,256
469
1D1
479,000
0
6,628
2,554
432
1D2
433,274
0
6,628
2,398
358
1D3
446,355
0
6,628
2,442
329
2A1
499,372
939
0
2,671
452
2A2
448,525
939
0
2,498
358
2A3
463,985
939
0
2,550
341
2B1
501,193
930
0
2,667
452
2B2
450,345
930
0
2,494
358
2B3
465,806
930
0
2,547
341
2C1
723,913
0
0
2,470
492
2C2
673,066
0
0
2,297
492
2C3
688,526
0
0
2,349
492
2D1
502,406
0
6,788
2,656
452
2D2
451,559
0
6,788
2,482
358
2D3
467,019
0
6,788
2,535
341
3A1
734,648
1,817
0
4,378
455
3B1
735,670
1,771
0
4,334
456
3C1
1,155,353
0
0
3,942
1,077
3D1
736,353
0
13,158
4,337
457
4A1
508,948
1,614
0
3,399
422
4A2
464,659
1,614
0
3,248
354
4A3
478,114
1,614
0
3,294
325
4B1
509,858
1,574
0
3,361
422
4B2
465,570
1,574
0
3,210
354
4B3
479,024
1,574
0
3,256
325
4C1
883,341
0
0
3,014
954
4C2
839,052
0
0
2,863
954
4C3
852,507
0
0
2,909
954
4D1
510,465
0
11,689
3,363
422
4D2
466,177
0
11,689
3,212
354
4D3
479,632
0
11,529
3,235
325
HVAC
OPTION
Elec.
(kWH)
Nat. Gas
(MCF)
Fuel Oil
(gallons)
Site Energy
(MBTU)
Max.
(kW)
1A1
476,059
916
0
2,568
432
1A2
430,333
916
0
2,412
358
1A3
443,414
916
0
2,456
329
Raw Model output for Elementary School in
Columbus.
First three line items pulled out.
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
14
BASELINE ANNUAL ENERGY USE
– Site Energy Consumption
HVAC
System
Option
EES
Elementary School
High School
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Columbus
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Columbus
1A1
2,430
2,762
2,568
7,091
8,011
7,429
1A2
2,249
2,624
2,412
6,904
7,862
7,263
1A3
2,290
2,656
2,456
7,026
7,967
7,384
1B1
2,424
2,758
2,562
7,022
7,932
7,354
1B2
2,244
2,620
2,406
6,835
7,783
7,187
1B3
2,285
2,652
2,451
6,957
7,889
7,309
1C1
2,270
2,519
2,368
6,264
6,972
6,513
1C2
2,090
2,381
2,212
6,077
6,823
6,346
1C3
2,131
2,413
2,256
6,199
6,929
6,468
1D1
2,419
2,744
2,554
7,011
7,907
7,339
1D2
2,238
2,606
2,398
6,824
7,758
7,172
1D3
2,279
2,638
2,442
6,946
7,863
7,293
2A1
2,622
2,931
2,671
7,021
7,938
7,335
2A2
2,414
2,773
2,498
6,823
7,783
7,165
2A3
2,471
2,814
2,550
6,954
7,893
7,292
2B1
2,618
2,927
2,667
6,952
7,860
7,260
2B2
2,410
2,769
2,494
6,754
7,704
7,090
2B3
2,466
2,811
2,547
6,884
7,815
7,217
2C1
2,448
2,673
2,470
6,223
6,924
6,449
2C2
2,239
2,515
2,297
6,025
6,769
6,279
2C3
2,296
2,557
2,349
6,156
6,879
6,406
2D1
2,609
2,909
2,656
6,944
7,838
7,249
2D2
2,401
2,751
2,482
6,746
7,683
7,079
2D3
2,457
2,792
2,535
6,877
7,793
7,206
3A1
4,124
4,820
4,378
6,622
7,605
7,000
3B1
4,084
4,771
4,334
6,564
7,533
6,935
3C1
3,741
4,307
3,942
6,086
6,891
6,389
3D1
4,087
4,772
4,337
6,569
7,537
6,941
4A1
3,245
3,805
3,399
7,382
8,407
7,751
4A2
3,071
3,671
3,248
7,196
8,260
7,585
4A3
3,115
3,704
3,294
7,319
8,366
7,707
4B1
3,210
3,761
3,361
7,312
8,329
7,676
4B2
3,037
3,627
3,210
7,127
8,182
7,510
4B3
3,081
3,660
3,256
7,249
8,288
7,632
4C1
2,908
3,328
3,014
6,510
7,307
6,785
4C2
2,734
3,194
2,863
6,325
7,160
6,620
4C3
2,778
3,227
2,909
6,447
7,266
6,742
4D1
3,212
3,759
3,363
7,296
8,295
7,654
4D2
3,038
3,625
3,212
7,111
8,148
7,489
4D3
3,082
3,658
3,235
7,233
8,254
7,610
Table 3-1:
Baseline Annual Site Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year)
by HVAC System Option, School Type and Location
Basis:
Electricity:
Natural Gas:
Fuel Oil:
HVAC
System
Option
3,412 BTU per kW-hr
1,030 BTU per cubic foot
138,690 BTU per gallon.
Elementary School
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Columbus
1A1
2,430
2,762
2,568
1A2
2,249
2,624
2,412
1A3
2,290
2,656
2,456
1B1
2,424
2,758
2,562
1B2
2,244
2,620
2,406
1B3
2,285
2,652
2,451
1C1
2,270
2,519
2,368
1C2
2,090
2,381
2,212
1C3
2,131
2,413
2,256
1D1
2,419
2,744
2,554
1D2
2,238
2,606
2,398
1D3
2,279
2,638
2,442
2,931
2,671
©
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS,
INC.
2A1
2,622 2003
C
15
BASELINE ANNUAL ENERGY USE
– Example of Model Output
EES
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
16
ANNUAL SITE ENERGY CONSUMPTION
– Cumulative Plot by HVAC System Option
Elementary School Site Energy (MMBTU/Yr)
5,000
Site Energy (MMBTU/Yr)
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
Cincinnati E.S.
Cleveland E.S.
Columbus E.S.
2,000
1
EES
6
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
Cummulative System Count
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
17
BASELINE ANNUAL ENERGY USE
– Source Energy Consumption
HVAC
System
Option
High School
Cleveland
Columbus
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Columbus
1A1
6,440
6,610
6,463
15,473
16,282
15,679
1A2
5,840
6,149
5,943
14,849
15,785
15,124
1A3
5,976
6,257
6,091
15,255
16,137
15,529
1B1
6,445
6,622
6,470
15,413
16,216
15,614
1B2
5,845
6,161
5,950
14,789
15,719
15,058
1B3
5,981
6,268
6,098
15,195
16,070
15,464
1C1
7,566
8,396
7,892
20,880
23,241
21,710
1C2
6,966
7,935
7,372
20,256
22,744
21,154
1C3
7,102
8,042
7,521
20,662
23,096
21,559
1D1
6,547
6,776
6,597
15,907
16,831
16,159
1D2
5,946
6,316
6,077
15,282
16,335
15,603
1D3
6,083
6,423
6,226
15,689
16,686
16,008
2A1
6,891
6,978
6,754
15,568
16,332
15,707
2A2
6,197
6,451
6,176
14,907
15,814
15,141
2A3
6,384
6,590
6,352
15,342
16,182
15,564
2B1
6,898
6,992
6,764
15,507
16,265
15,641
2B2
6,204
6,465
6,186
14,846
15,746
15,075
2B3
6,392
6,604
6,362
15,281
16,115
15,498
2C1
8,159
8,910
8,233
20,744
23,081
21,498
2C2
7,465
8,383
7,655
20,084
22,563
20,931
2C3
7,653
8,522
7,831
20,518
22,931
21,354
2D1
7,008
7,153
6,891
15,983
16,867
16,169
2D2
6,314
6,626
6,313
15,323
16,349
15,603
2D3
6,502
6,765
6,488
15,758
16,717
16,026
3A1
10,105
11,128
10,434
16,997
18,516
17,534
3B1
10,068
11,083
10,393
16,938
18,445
17,469
3C1
12,471
14,357
13,140
20,286
22,971
21,295
3D1
10,298
11,391
10,656
17,258
18,872
17,834
4A1
7,591
8,053
7,636
15,932
16,882
16,183
4A2
7,011
7,608
7,132
15,314
16,391
15,631
4A3
7,159
7,718
7,285
15,723
16,745
16,037
4B1
7,559
8,012
7,600
15,875
16,819
16,121
4B2
6,980
7,567
7,097
15,257
16,328
15,569
4B3
7,127
7,677
7,250
15,665
16,682
15,975
4C1
9,692
11,093
10,047
21,700
24,357
22,618
4C2
9,113
10,648
9,543
21,082
23,866
22,066
4C3
9,260
10,758
9,696
21,491
24,220
22,472
4D1
7,761
8,298
7,832
16,393
17,470
16,694
4D2
7,182
7,853
7,328
15,775
16,979
16,142
4D3
7,329
7,963
7,454
16,184
17,333
16,548
Table 3-6:
EES
Elementary School
Cincinnati
HVAC
System
Option
Elementary School
High School
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Columbus
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Columbus
1A1
6,440
6,610
6,463
15,473
16,282
15,679
1A2
5,840
6,149
5,943
14,849
15,785
15,124
1A3
5,976
6,257
6,091
15,255
16,137
15,529
Basis:
Electricity: 30% of source BTUs converted to site BTUs
Natural Gas: 90% of source BTUs converted to site BTUs
Fuel Oil:
80% of source BTUs converted to site BTUs
Baseline Annual Source Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year)
by HVAC System Option, School Type and Location
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
18
ANNUAL SOURCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION
– Cumulative Plot by HVAC System Option
High School Site Energy (MMBTU/Yr)
8,500
Site Energy (MMBTU/Yr)
8,000
7,500
7,000
6,500
Cincinnati H.S.
Cleveland H.S.
Columbus H.S.
6,000
1
6
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
Cummulative System Count
EES
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
19
BASELINE ANNUAL ENERGY COSTS
-$
HVAC
System
Option
Elementary School
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Columbus
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Columbus
1A1
$87,169
$78,352
$65,656
$150,390
$161,542
$120,884
1A2
$66,349
$70,705
$57,092
$135,594
$154,039
$114,784
1A3
$65,195
$70,678
$54,783
$127,977
$155,961
$114,999
1B1
$87,166
$78,602
$65,634
$150,102
$161,370
$120,476
1B2
$66,347
$135,306
$153,866
$114,503
$155,788
$114,718
$281,848
$218,221
$275,502
$216,979
$277,801
$217,885
$161,767
$120,742
$154,263
$114,844
$156,184
$115,058
$163,705
$123,030
$156,075
$116,193
$157,890
$116,542
$163,507
$122,620
$155,885
$115,896
$157,693
$116,244
$279,580
$215,423
$272,330
$214,157
$274,737
$215,102
1B3
$65,192
$70,954
Elementary School $57,071
HVAC
System
Option
1A1
1C1
1C2
1C3
1D1
$89,427
$74,708
$74,086
$87,884
1D3
$67,066
$65,911
$89,457
2A3
$68,656
$67,265
$89,461
2B3
2C1
2C2
2C3
$68,661
$67,269
$92,196
$77,072
$76,454
$87,169
$78,352
$65,656
$150,390
$161,542
$66,349
$70,705
$57,092
$135,594
$154,039
$54,763
$77,472
$65,195
$70,678
$54,783
$127,977
$155,961
$87,166
$78,602
$65,634
$150,102
$161,370
$66,347
$70,954
$57,071
$135,306
$153,866
$102,588
$73,858
Columbus
$127,689
$120,884
$114,784
$193,683
$114,999
$120,476
$114,503
$186,206
1B3
$65,192
$70,925
$54,763
$127,689
$155,788
1C1
$89,427
$110,225
$77,472
$193,683
$281,848
$218,221
1C2
$74,708
$102,588
$73,858
$186,206
$275,502
$216,979
1C3
$74,086
$102,543
$73,174
$183,552
$277,801
1D1
$87,884
$78,789
$65,659
$153,906
$161,767
$67,066
$71,147
$57,095
$139,110
$154,263
$65,911
$71,120
$54,789
$131,493
$156,184
$89,457
$83,248
$68,928
$152,450
$163,705
$68,656
$74,277
$58,520
$136,799
$156,075
$67,265
$74,624
$57,690
$129,290
$157,890
$89,461
$83,490
$68,919
$152,158
$163,507
$68,661
$74,139
$58,510
$136,507
$155,885
$67,269
$74,866
$57,680
$128,997
$157,693
$92,196
$115,418
$80,535
$193,087
$279,580
$77,072
$106,311
$75,998
$184,590
$272,330
$76,454
$107,030
$75,826
$182,118
$274,737
$90,256
$83,663
$68,926
$155,819
$163,912
$69,456
$74,312
$58,518
$140,169
$156,283
$68,065
$75,040
$57,688
$132,659
$158,097
$90,051
$120,475
$88,973
$144,017
$196,519
$89,938
$120,354
$88,830
$143,814
$196,383
$124,060
$182,459
$149,204
$190,656
$284,280
$91,678
$120,629
$89,075
$146,250
$196,755
$88,793
$88,495
$69,675
$150,065
$165,214
$70,525
$81,235
$61,870
$136,064
$157,883
$68,508
$81,222
$60,607
$128,554
$159,872
$88,646
$88,401
$69,465
$149,780
$165,075
$102,543
1D2
1D3
$78,789
2A2
2A3
2B1
2B2
$71,147
$71,120
2C1
2C2
$83,248
2D1
2D2
2D3
3A1
$74,277
$74,624
3C1
3D1
$83,490
4A1
2B2
Cleveland
$110,225
3B1
2B1
Cincinnati
1B2
2C3
2A2
Columbus
1B1
2B3
2A1
Cleveland
1A3
2A1
1D2
High School
Cincinnati
$70,925
1A2
EES
High School
4A2
4A3
4B1
4B2
$74,139
$74,866
$73,174
$65,659
$57,095
$54,789
$68,928
$58,520
$57,690
$68,919
$58,510
$57,680
$70,378
$81,142
$61,703
$135,780
$157,744
4B3
$68,361
$81,128
$60,488
$128,272
$159,733
4C1
$111,054
$150,870
$125,405
$199,590
$295,197
4C2
$99,623
$143,608
$124,280
$192,663
$289,156
4C3
$98,536
$143,586
$124,622
$190,180
$291,485
$115,418
$106,311
$80,535
$75,998
4D1
$90,138
$88,660
$69,609
$153,802
$165,443
4D2
$71,870
$81,400
$61,877
$139,801
$158,119
4D3
$69,854
$81,386
$60,564
$132,293
$160,108
$114,718
$183,552
$217,885
$120,742
$153,906
$114,844
$115,058
$123,030
$139,110
$116,193
$116,542
$122,620
$131,493
$115,896
$116,244
$152,450
$215,423
$214,157
$215,102
$136,799
$122,894
$116,240
$116,588
$129,290
$140,739
$140,477
$225,636
$152,158
$142,002
$121,845
$136,507
$116,721
$117,082
$121,441
$128,997
$116,443
$116,805
$232,238
$193,087
$231,004
$231,912
$184,590
$121,695
$116,772
$117,135
$107,030
$182,118
Baseline Annual Site$75,826
Energy Cost ($/Year) by HVAC
Table 3-11:
System Option, School Type and Location
2D1
$90,256
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
$83,663
$68,926
$155,819
$163,912
$122,894
2D2
$69,456
$74,312
$58,518
$140,169
$156,283
$116,240
20
BASELINE ANNUAL ENERGY COSTS
- $/Ft2
HVAC
System
Option
High School
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Columbus
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Columbus
1A1
$1.35
$1.22
$1.02
$1.25
$1.34
$1.00
1A2
$1.03
$1.10
$0.89
$1.13
$1.28
$0.95
1A3
$1.01
$1.10
$0.85
$1.06
$1.29
$0.95
1B1
$1.35
$1.22
$1.02
$1.25
$1.34
$1.00
1B2
$1.03
$1.10
$0.89
$1.12
$1.28
$0.95
1B3
$1.01
$1.06
$1.29
$0.95
1C1
$1.39
$1.61
$2.34
$1.81
$2.29
$1.80
$2.31
$1.81
$1.34
$1.00
$1.28
$0.95
$1.30
$0.95
$1.36
$1.02
$1.30
$0.96
$1.31
$0.97
$1.36
$1.02
$1.29
$0.96
$1.31
$0.96
$2.32
$1.79
$2.26
$1.78
$2.28
$1.79
$1.36
$1.02
©
$1.15 & ENVIRONMENTAL
$0.91
$1.16 INC. 2003
$1.30
ENERGY
SOLUTIONS,
$0.96
1C2
1C3
1D1
1D2
1D3
2A1
2A2
2A3
$1.16
$1.15
$1.36
$1.04
$1.02
$1.39
$1.07
$1.04
$1.10
HVAC
System
Option
$1.71
Elementary School
Columbus
Cincinnati
Cleveland
1A1
$1.35
$1.22
$1.02
$1.25
$1.34
1A2
$1.03
$1.10
$0.89
$1.13
$1.28
$1.59
$1.10
$0.85
$1.06
$1.29
$1.35
$1.22
$1.02
$1.25
$1.34
$1.00
$1.03
$1.10
$0.89
$1.12
$1.28
$0.95
1B3
$1.01
$1.10
$0.85
$1.06
$1.29
1C1
$1.39
$1.71
$1.20
$1.61
$2.34
$1.81
1C2
$1.16
$1.59
$1.15
$1.55
$2.29
$1.80
1C3
$1.15
$1.59
$1.14
$1.52
$2.31
1D1
$1.36
$1.22
$1.02
$1.28
$1.34
$0.89
$1.15
$1.28
$0.85
$1.09
$1.30
$1.07
$1.27
$1.36
$0.91
$1.14
$1.30
$0.90
$1.07
$1.31
$1.07
$1.59
$1.22
$1.10
1D2
$1.04
$1.10
1D3
$1.02
$1.10
2A1
$1.39
$1.29
$1.10
2A2
$1.07
$1.15
2A3
$1.04
$1.16
2B1
$1.39
$1.30
$1.29
2B2
$1.07
$1.15
2B3
$1.04
$1.16
2C1
$1.43
$1.79
2C2
$1.15
$0.90
$1.07
$1.31
$1.25
$1.60
$2.32
$1.07
$0.91
$0.95
$0.95
$1.02
$1.09
$0.96
$0.97
$1.02
$1.27
$0.96
$0.96
$1.79
$1.14
$1.18
$1.53
$2.26
$1.18
$1.51
$2.28
$1.79
$1.30
$1.07
$1.29
$1.36
$1.02
2D2
$1.08
$1.15
$0.91
$1.16
$1.30
2D3
$1.06
$1.16
$0.90
$1.10
$1.31
$0.97
$1.40
$1.87
$1.38
$1.20
$1.63
$1.17
3B1
$1.40
$1.87
$1.38
$1.19
$1.63
3C1
$1.93
$2.83
$2.32
$1.16
$1.26
$1.06
$1.29
$1.15
$1.66
$1.37
2D3
$1.36
$1.13
$1.00
$1.65
$1.09
$1.08
$1.26
$0.91
$1.81
$1.40
$1.38
2D2
$0.85
$1.28
$1.19
4A2
$1.40
$0.89
$0.95
$1.20
4A1
2D1
$1.02
$1.52
2C3
$1.07
$1.19
$1.14
$0.95
2D1
2B2
2C3
$1.55
$1.01
$1.87
$1.20
$0.95
1B2
$1.42
2C2
$1.00
1B1
3D1
$1.43
$1.15
Columbus
1A3
$1.39
2C1
$1.20
High School
Cleveland
2B1
$1.04
$0.85
Cincinnati
3A1
2B3
EES
Elementary School
$1.30
$1.15
$1.16
$0.90
$1.07
$1.58
$2.36
$1.38
$1.21
$1.63
$1.08
$1.25
$1.37
$0.96
$1.13
$1.31
$0.94
$1.07
$1.33
$1.08
$1.24
$1.37
$0.96
$1.13
$1.31
$0.91
$0.90
$1.78
$1.07
$0.96
$1.26
$1.17
$1.87
$1.13
$1.18
$1.01
$0.97
$1.07
4A3
$1.06
$1.26
4B1
$1.38
$1.37
4B2
$1.09
$1.26
4B3
$1.06
$1.26
$0.94
$1.06
$1.33
4C1
$1.72
$2.34
$1.95
$1.66
$2.45
$1.93
4C2
$1.55
$2.23
$1.93
$1.60
$2.40
$1.92
$1.79
$1.65
$1.25
$1.18
$0.97
$1.01
$0.97
$1.60
$0.97
$1.53
4C3
$1.53
$2.23
$1.93
$1.58
$2.42
4D1
$1.40
$1.38
$1.08
$1.28
$1.37
$1.01
4D2
$1.12
$1.26
$0.96
$1.16
$1.31
$0.97
4D3
$1.08
$1.26
$0.94
$1.10
$1.33
$1.66
Table 3-12:
$1.18
$1.92
$1.51
$0.97
Baseline Annual Site Energy Cost ($/Ft2/Year) by HVAC
System Option, School Type and Location
$1.30
$1.16
$1.07
$0.90
$1.29
$1.10
$1.31
$0.97
21
2C3
$76,454
4D2
$81,400
1D1
$65,659
2C2
$77,072
2A1
$83,248
2B1
$68,919
1B1
$87,166
2B1
$83,490
2D1
$68,926
1A1
$87,169
2D1
$83,663
2A1
$68,928
1D1
$87,884
4B1
$88,401
4B1
$69,465
4B1
$88,646
4A1
$88,495
4D1
$69,609
4A1
HVAC
OPTION
1C1
$88,793
Cincinnati
E.S.
$89,427
4D1
HVAC
OPTION
1C3
$88,660
Cleveland
E.S.
$102,543
4A1
HVAC
OPTION
1C3
$69,675
Columbus
E.S.
$73,174
1B3
2A1
$65,192
$89,457
1A3
1C2
$70,678
$102,588
1B3
1C2
$54,763
$73,858
1A3
2B1
$65,195
$89,461
1A2
2C2
$70,705
$106,311
1A3
2C3
$54,783
$75,826
1D3
3B1
$65,911
$89,938
1B3
2C3
$70,925
$107,030
1D3
2C2
$54,789
$75,998
1B2
3A1
$66,347
$90,051
1B2
1C1
$70,954
$110,225
1B2
1C1
$57,071
$77,472
1A2
4D1
$66,349
$90,138
1D3
2C1
$71,120
$115,418
1A2
2C1
$57,092
$80,535
1D2
2D1
$67,066
$90,256
1D2
3B1
$71,147
$120,354
1D2
3B1
$57,095
$88,830
2A3
3D1
$67,265
$91,678
2B2
3A1
$74,139
$120,475
2B3
3A1
$57,680
$88,973
2B3
2C1
$67,269
$92,196
2A2
3D1
$74,277
$120,629
2D3
3D1
$57,688
$89,075
2D3
4C3
$68,065
$98,536
2D2
4C3
$74,312
$143,586
2A3
4C2
$57,690
$124,280
4B3
4C2
$68,361
$99,623
2A3
4C2
$74,624
$143,608
2B2
4C3
$58,510
$124,622
4A3
4C1
$68,508
$111,054
2B3
4C1
$74,866
$150,870
2D2
4C1
$58,518
$125,405
2A2
3C1
$68,656
$124,060
2D3
3C1
$75,040
$182,459
2A2
3C1
$58,520
$149,204
BASELINE ANNUAL ENERGY COSTS
- Elementary School/Sorted
2B2
Table
3-13:
EES
2D2
1A1
$78,352
4B3
Baseline Site
Energy
Cost ($/Year)
for$60,488
the Elementar
$69,456
1B1
$78,602
4D3
$60,564
School Case – Sorted from Smallest to Largest
4D3
$69,854
1D1
$78,789
4A3
$60,607
4B2
$70,378
4B3
$81,128
4B2
$61,703
4A2
$70,525
4B2
$81,142
4A2
$61,870
4D2
$71,870
4A3
$81,222
4D2
$61,877
1C3
$74,086
4A2
$81,235
1B1
$65,634
1C2
$68,661
ENERGY &
ENVIRONMENTAL
SOLUTIONS, INC.
2003©
$74,708
4D3
$81,386
1A1
$65,656
22
2D2
$140,169
4D3
$160,108
4D3
$117,135
3B1
$143,814
1B1
$161,370
1B1
$120,476
3A1
$144,017
1A1
$161,542
1D1
$120,742
3D1
$146,250
1D1
$161,767
1A1
$120,884
4B1
$149,780
2B1
$163,507
4B1
$121,441
4A1
$150,065
2A1
$163,705
4D1
$121,695
1B1
HVAC
1A1
OPTION
$150,102
Cincinnati
H.S.
$150,390
2D1
HVAC
OPTION
4B1
$163,912
Cleveland
H.S.
$165,075
4A1
HVAC
OPTION
2B1
$121,845
Columbus
H.S.
$122,620
2B1
1B3
2A1
1A3
$152,158
$127,689
$152,450
$127,977
4A1
1B2
4D1
1A2
$165,214
$153,866
$165,443
$154,039
2D1
1B2
2A1
1B3
$122,894
$114,503
$123,030
$114,718
4D1
4B3
1D1
4A3
$153,802
$128,272
$153,906
$128,554
3B1
1D2
3A1
1B3
$196,383
$154,263
$196,519
$155,788
3B1
1A2
3A1
1D2
$140,477
$114,784
$140,739
$114,844
2D1
2B3
2C3
2A3
$155,819
$128,997
$182,118
$129,290
3D1
2B2
2C2
1A3
$196,755
$155,885
$272,330
$155,961
3D1
1A3
2C2
1D3
$142,002
$114,999
$214,157
$115,058
1C3
1D3
2C2
4D3
$183,552
$131,493
$184,590
$132,293
2C3
2A2
1C2
1D3
$274,737
$156,075
$275,502
$156,184
2C3
2B2
2C1
2A2
$215,102
$115,896
$215,423
$116,193
1C2
2D3
4C3
1B2
$186,206
$132,659
$190,180
$135,306
1C3
2D2
2C1
2B3
$277,801
$156,283
$279,580
$157,693
1C2
2D2
1C3
2B3
$216,979
$116,240
$217,885
$116,244
3C1
1A2
4C2
4B2
$190,656
$135,594
$192,663
$135,780
1C1
4B2
3C1
4A2
$281,848
$157,744
$284,280
$157,883
1C1
4B2
3C1
2A3
$218,221
$116,443
$225,636
$116,542
2C1
4A2
1C1
2B2
$193,087
$136,064
$193,683
$136,507
4C2
2A3
4C3
2D3
$289,156
$157,890
$291,485
$158,097
4C2
2D3
4C3
4A2
$231,004
$116,588
$231,912
$116,721
4C1
2A2
$199,590
$136,799
4C1
4D2
$295,197
$158,119
4C1
4D2
$232,238
$116,772
BASELINE ANNUAL ENERGY COSTS
- High School/Sorted
1D2 3-14
Table
EES
$139,110
4B3
Baseline Site
4D2
$159,733
4B3
$116,805
Energy
Cost ($/Year)
for
the High
$139,801
4A3 – Sorted
$159,872
4A3
$117,082
School Case
from Smallest
to
Largest
2D2
$140,169
4D3
$160,108
4D3
$117,135
3B1
$143,814
1B1
$161,370
1B1
$120,476
3A1
$144,017
$161,542
ENERGY &1A1
ENVIRONMENTAL
SOLUTIONS, 1D1
INC. 2003© $120,742
23
BASELINE ANNUAL ENERGY COSTS
EES
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
24
ANNUAL ENERGY COSTS
– Cumulative Plot by HVAC System Option
Elementary School Energy Cost ($/Yr)
$200,000
$175,000
Energy Cost ($/Yr)
$150,000
$125,000
$100,000
$75,000
Cincinnati E.S.
Cleveland E.S.
Columbus E.S.
$50,000
1
EES
6
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
Cummulative System Count
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
25
ANNUAL ENERGY COSTS
– Cumulative Plot by HVAC System Option
High School Energy Cost ($/Yr)
$310,000
$285,000
Energy Cost ($/Yr)
$260,000
$235,000
$210,000
$185,000
$160,000
$135,000
Cincinnati H.S.
Cleveland H.S.
Columbus H.S.
$110,000
1
6
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
Cummulative System Count
EES
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
26
BASELINE ANNUAL ENERGY COSTS
OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation - Columbus
VAV w/ Reheat
(Electric Rate - AEP_GS3 and Natural Gas Rate - COH_GS)
$150,000
$100,000
$77,472
$65,656
$73,858
$65,635
$57,092
$54,783
1A1
1A2
1A3
$0
$0
$0
$73,174
$57,071
$54,764
1B1
1B2
1B3
1C1
1C2
1C3
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$65,658
$57,095
$54,789
1D1
1D2
1D3
$5,302
$5,302
$5,302
$50,000
$0
Fuel Oil Cost ($0.80/gallon)
Natural Gas Cost (COH_GS Rate)
$5,374
$5,374
$5,374
$5,308
$5,308
$5,308
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
Electric Cost (AEP_GS3 Rate)
$60,282
$51,718
$49,409
$60,327
$51,763
$49,456
$77,472
$73,858
$73,174
$60,356
$51,793
$49,487
System Type
EES
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
27
LIFE-CYCLE
COST ANALYSES
EES
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
28
LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSES
HVAC decisions not based only on annual
energy costs !

Life-cycle analyses based on:
Equipment first costs
Annual energy costs
Annualized service and maintenance costs.

Equipment
elements:
first
costs
included
three
major
Plant (heating and cooling plant equipment)
Ductwork
Terminal units.

EES
Service and Maintenance costs included:
Preventive (Scheduled) Maintenance Costs - Annual
Repair and Replacement Service and Maintenance Annualized.
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
20
OTHER INPUTS USED FOR LIFECYCLE COST CALCULATIONS
EES

Means CostWorks 2000 for Costs - See next
page for an example

6% discount factor

Added first cost to 20 years of annual energy
and S/M costs – discounted.
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
30
USE OF MEANS COSTWORKS 2000 DATA
HEATING EQUIPMENT - Boiler Systems
Installed, including system components
A: Electric Boiler - Hot Water/SteamData Source: 2000 Means Mechanical Cost Index
Hot Water
Non-linear fits fared no better based on R2
Capacity
kW
Cost ($)
Million BTU
Cost = Slope * MMBtu + Intercept
Slope Intercept
9,836.77 15,102.61 Linear
Pred. Cost
(linear)
60
0.205
$8,050
$17,119.15
120
0.410
$11,400
$19,135.69
150
0.510
$20,000
$20,119.36
210
0.716
$23,350
$22,145.74
270
0.922
$27,025
$24,172.11
480
1.636
$35,375
$31,195.57
630
2.148
$40,350
$36,231.99
900
3.071
$52,500
$45,311.33
1320
4.505
$63,600
$59,417.26
2100
7.167
$82,400
$85,602.74
2610
8.905
$99,100
$102,699.05
Used for Electric Boiler
Similar curves developed for all plant equipment and for service and maintenance costs.
EES
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
31
4B3
$2,239,062
2D2
$2,378,873
2A1
$2,110,400
2C2
$2,253,149
2D1
$2,389,114
2B1
$2,111,690
1A1
$2,261,461
4A3
$2,513,164
2D1
$2,128,345
4D3
$2,262,606
4B3
$2,516,112
2C3
$2,158,017
1B1
$2,262,805
1C3
$2,517,401
1C1
$2,160,979
ROLL-UP OF LIFE-CYCLE COSTS
1C1
HVAC
1D1
System
Elementary School Life-Cycle Sorts
$2,273,361
Cincinnati
4D3
$2,287,288
HVAC
2C3
System
2A1
1A3
2B1
1B3
$2,320,189
$1,992,541
$2,321,616
$1,993,885
2C1
1D3
4A2
2A3
$2,526,074
Cleveland
4A3
$2,175,216
$2,604,273
HVAC
4B3
System
Columbus
4A2
1A3
4B2
1B3
$2,604,909
$2,167,169
$2,607,857
$2,171,512
4D3
1A3
1C2
1B3
$2,185,040
$1,897,806
$2,188,021
$1,898,981
$2,337,603
$2,018,368
$2,344,233
$2,048,769
1C2
1D3
4A1
2A3
$2,609,503
$2,191,439
$2,614,983
$2,247,842
2C1
1D3
2C2
2A3
$2,229,238
$1,915,842
$2,267,987
$1,964,275
4B2
2B3
2D1
2D3
$2,346,239
$2,050,196
$2,346,980
$2,075,560
4D2
2B3
4B1
1A2
$2,617,822
$2,252,116
$2,617,931
$2,259,071
4A2
2B3
4B2
2D3
$2,275,409
$1,965,565
$2,277,269
$1,982,220
4D2
1C3
4A1
1A2
$2,369,783
$2,080,509
$2,486,601
$2,089,820
1C1
1B2
4D1
2D3
$2,623,904
$2,263,431
$2,627,896
$2,271,805
4D2
1A2
4A1
1B2
$2,285,811
$2,009,998
$2,296,441
$2,011,158
4B1
1B2
4D1
1D2
$2,488,608
$2,091,178
$2,512,151
$2,115,661
2C2
1A1
2C1
1B1
$2,711,426
$2,273,597
$2,718,873
$2,277,957
4B1
1D2
4D1
1A1
$2,297,803
$2,028,004
$2,305,998
$2,039,729
4C3
2C3
3A1
2A2
$2,540,251
$2,140,160
$2,543,046
$2,170,636
3A1
1D2
3B1
1D1
$3,027,582
$2,283,345
$3,030,219
$2,297,804
3A1
1B1
3B1
1D1
$2,560,640
$2,040,889
$2,562,762
$2,057,735
3B1
1C2
3D1
2B2
$2,545,447
$2,171,692
$2,571,823
$2,172,063
3D1
2B2
4C3
2A2
$3,040,369
$2,359,184
$3,183,553
$2,359,263
3D1
2A2
4C3
2B2
$2,572,124
$2,081,798
$2,867,422
$2,083,087
4C2
2D2
4C1
4A3
$2,636,775
$2,197,426
$2,700,720
$2,237,056
4C2
2A1
4C1
2B1
$3,275,394
$2,365,151
$3,285,501
$2,369,426
4C1
1C3
4C2
2D2
$2,893,625
$2,094,461
$2,949,214
$2,099,743
3C1
4B3
$2,891,908
$2,239,062
3C1
2D2
$3,693,610
$2,378,873
3C1
2A1
$3,209,445
$2,110,400
$2,177,619
2C2 4-11:
$2,253,149
2D1
$2,389,114
2B1
$2,111,690
Table
Elementary
School
Life Cycle
Costs
for all Basel
EES
1A1
$2,261,461
4A3
$2,513,164
2D1
$2,128,345
4D3
$2,262,606
4B3
$2,516,112
2C3
$2,158,017
1B1
$2,262,805
1C3
$2,517,401
1C1
$2,160,979
1C1
©
ENERGY &
ENVIRONMENTAL
SOLUTIONS, INC.
$2,273,361
4D3
$2,526,074
4A32003
$2,175,216
32
LIFE CYCLE COSTS –
Cumulative Plot by HVAC System Option
Elementary School Life Cycle Costs ($)
$3,800,000
Cost ($)
$3,300,000
$2,800,000
$2,300,000
Cincinnati E.S.
Cleveland E.S.
Columbus E.S.
$1,800,000
1
EES
6
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
Cummulative System Count
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
33
LIFE CYCLE COSTS –
Cumulative Plot by HVAC System Option
High School Life Cycle Costs ($)
$5,500,000
$5,000,000
Cost ($)
$4,500,000
$4,000,000
$3,500,000
Cincinnati H.S.
Cleveland H.S.
Columbus H.S.
$3,000,000
1
6
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
Cummulative System Count
EES
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
34
ENTHALPY HEAT RECOVERY
COST ANALYSES
EES
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
35
ENTHALPY HEAT RECOVERY
APPROACH
EES

Energy Costs - Models re-run for both buildings in all
three cities assuming all heat recovery equipment
options available were installed.

Capital Costs - Incremental equipment costs for both
building types computed based on smaller plant
sizes and cost of enthalpy equipment.

Differential annual energy costs and S&M costs were
combined with incremental equipment first costs, to
calculate NPVs and PBs.
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
36
AREAS INCLUDED FOR ENTHALPY
HEAT RECOVERY
School Building
Elementary
School
Alternative ID
Equipment
Area A: Admin, Art, Music and Media
Rooms
4,000
Area B: Gym, Cafateria, Mech. Room
4,000
Area C: Pre-K, K Classrooms
3,500
Area D: 1st and 2nd Grade Classrooms
3,500
rd
Area E: 3 Grade, Special Ed.
Classrooms
High School
CFM
M-2: Classrooms in Areas A, C and D
– Drawings M4.1A, M4.2A and
M4.3A
M-3: Auditoria – Drawing M4.2A.
3,500
TOTAL
18,500
HRU-1A
6,000
HRU-2A
6,000
HRU-4A
8,000
HRU-3A
6,000
HRU for AHU-5
28,000
TOTAL
54,000
OSFC cost: $8.55/CFM
Supplier (Means, Carrier, Trane, and FAS) costs: $4.50/CFM
Used supplier costs for enthalpy first costs…..
EES
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
37
2C2
$141,156
$53,367
$114,741
3.5
5.9
3.9
2C3
$150,187
$79,381 $121,886
3.7
5.2
4.0
ENTHALPY
NPV
AND
PB
RESULTS
2D1
$57,908 $152,132
$71,707
5.8
3.0
5.0
2D2
-$44,557
-$15,537
-$29,603
47.6
16.1
24.9
Elementary
School
2D3
-$35,448
$8,345
-$23,622
24.2
10.1
18.4
3A1
Enthalpy Cost-Benefit Analysis - Elementary School
$494,741
$406,919
$411,056
0.0
0.0
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Colum bus
0.0
3B1
$477,473 $410,233 $414,426
0.0
0.0
0.0
System
E. S. School - Enthalpy-NPV
E. S. School - Enthalpy-PB
3C1
$847,519 $605,913 $887,794
0.0
0.0
0.0
Num ber Cleveland Cincinnati Colum bus Cleveland Cincinnati Colum bus
3D1
$490,387 $410,777 $406,446
0.0
0.0
0.0
1A1
$49,696 $156,109
$76,650
6.2
3.0
4.8
4A1
$185,306 $224,596 $162,049
0.7
0.6
0.8
1A2
-$65,045
-$43,606
-$33,300
104.5
32.8
22.4
4A2
$84,351
$64,234
$75,537
2.8
3.2
2.9
1A3
-$41,962
$4,548
-$24,535
30.4
10.7
18.8
4A3
$108,445
$93,455
$94,610
1.9
2.0
2.0
1B1
$52,763 $157,603
$78,110
6.0
2.9
4.7
4B1
$187,457 $226,852 $163,839
0.5
0.4
0.6
1B2
-$61,967
-$42,099
-$31,855
85.5
32.0
21.9
4B2
$80,211
$66,491
$75,173
2.5
2.8
2.5
1B3
-$38,908
$6,028
-$23,603
28.0
10.4
18.6
4B3
$77,254
$95,711
$87,343
2.1
1.6
1.8
1C1
$240,853 $170,586 $174,763
2.4
2.9
2.9
4C1
$692,167 $440,572 $741,035
0.6
0.8
0.5
1C2
$126,191
$33,390
$96,729
4.3
7.8
4.9
4C2
$591,096 $348,712 $703,908
0.9
1.3
0.7
1C3
$149,198
$77,447 $117,023
3.7
5.2
4.2
4C3
$615,188 $381,727 $738,169
0.8
1.1
0.6
1D1
$51,248 $161,443
$76,087
6.1
2.9
4.8
4D1
$176,770 $229,807 $153,765
0.7
0.5
0.8
1D2
-$63,421
-$38,260
-$33,864
87.6
26.8
22.8
4D2
$75,720
$69,445
$67,599
2.9
2.9
3.0
1D3
-$40,274
$9,868
-$26,003
28.6
9.9
19.5
4D3
$99,899
$98,665
$85,792
1.9
1.8
2.1
2A1
$56,603 $146,333
$72,311
5.9
3.1
5.0
For the elementary
school,
NPVs ranged
from -$65,045
$887,794 (Columbus,
3C1)
2A2
-$41,509
-$21,336
-$28,999 (Cleveland,
39.0 1A2) to19.0
24.3
EES
Location F
Basis: Payb
NPV
Increm enta
Enthalpy Eq
Cost Reduc
Interest rat
Term (20 ye
Heat recove
2A3 from nearly
-$36,753
$2,545 (Columbus,
-$22,233 3C1) to
25.2
11.0
17.7
Paybacks ranged
instantaneous
104.5 years
(Cleveland,
1A2). However,
2B1
$59,606
$147,850
$73,859
5.6
3.0
4.8
most of the paybacks were less than 25 years and over half were less than six years.
2B2
-$42,859
-$19,819
-$27,451
45.5
18.4
23.5
NPV = Net P
Consistently, systems based on water-cooled screw chillers produce the poorest NPVs and PBs. This is
2B3
-$33,750
$4,062
-$21,092
23.5
10.7
17.4
PB = Paybac
tied directly back to the smallest equipment size reductions
2C1
$240,827 $165,439 $173,823
2.4
3.0
2.9
2C2
2C3
$141,156
$53,367
$114,741
3.5
5.92003©
ENERGY
& ENVIRONMENTAL
SOLUTIONS,
INC.
$150,187
$79,381 $121,886
3.7
5.2
3.9
4.0
38
Location
2C3
$682,292
$332,260
$716,515
2.8
4.3
2.5
2D1
$38,507
$211,019 AND
$62,484 PB
9.5RESULTS
5.1
8.4
ENTHALPY
NPV
2D2
-$67,345
$42,070
-$57,555
18.0
9.2
17.1
High
2D3
-$77,482
$2,107 School
-$64,094
18.9
11.3
17.6
3A1
3B1
System
3C1
Number
3D1
Cost-Benefit
Analysis - High
$547,936 Enthalpy
$426,741
$429,988
0.8School
1.0
Location Fi
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Columbus
1.0
$554,185
$430,983
$433,370
H. S. School $743,783
- Enthalpy-NPV
$1,118,548
$1,166,479
0.7
0.8
0.9
H. S.0.7
School - Enthalpy-PB
0.9
0.6
Cleveland
$542,346 Cincinnati
$433,744 Columbus
$435,893 Cleveland
0.8 Cincinnati
0.9 Columbus
0.9
Basis: Paybac
NPV =
1A1
4A1
$40,330
$30,484
$187,674
$155,703
$60,670
$53,079
9.4
9.9
5.5
6.0
8.5
8.8
1A2
4A2
-$64,727
-$69,049
$24,226
$21,723
-$50,985
-$47,441
17.6
18.2
10.0
10.2
16.2
15.7
1A3
4A3
-$74,955
-$79,252
-$17,693
-$19,371
-$60,513
-$56,532
18.5
19.2
12.7
12.8
17.1
16.5
1B1
4B1
$45,452
$36,165
$191,189
$159,351
$62,950
$55,631
9.2
9.6
5.3
5.9
8.4
8.6
Enthalpy Equi
1B2
4B2
-$59,610
-$63,369
$27,740
$25,371
-$47,243
-$43,441
17.1
17.6
9.8
10.0
15.9
15.4
Cost Reductio
1B3
4B3
-$69,851
-$73,576
-$14,180
-$15,695
-$56,770
-$52,513
18.0
18.6
12.5
12.6
16.8
16.2
1C1
4C1
$792,836
$912,750
$470,028
$527,213
$790,071
$961,230
2.4
2.1
3.3
3.1
2.2
1.9
1C2
4C2
$695,522
$822,334
$354,905
$431,419
$718,612
$891,861
2.6
2.3
4.0
3.5
2.4
2.1
1C3
4C3
$692,551
$819,093
$337,027
$415,707
$722,828
$894,565
2.7
2.4
4.2
3.8
2.5
2.2
1D1
4D1
$35,642
$25,838
$208,438
$179,090
$53,084
$45,576
9.6
10.1
5.2
5.6
8.8
9.1
Term (20 year
1D2
4D2
1D3
4D3
-$69,335
-$73,614
-$79,576
-$83,915
$44,989
$45,111
$3,070
$4,045
-$56,263
-$52,636
-$65,791
-$61,708
18.3
19.0
19.3
20.0
9.1
11.3
11.2
17.0
16.4
17.9
17.3
Heat recovery
2A1
$43,295
$190,850
$69,925
9.3
5.4
8.2
2A2
-$62,462
$21,901
-$52,210
17.2
10.2
16.4
Incremental C
Interest rate:
For the high school, NPVs ranged from -$83,915 (Cleveland, 4D3) to $1,166,479 (Columbus, 3C1)
Paybacks ranged from
(Columbus,
3C1)
to 20.0 years
2A3nearly instantaneous
-$72,832
-$18,062
-$58,749
18.2(Cleveland,
12.7 1A2). 16.8
2B1
$48,183
$194,231
$72,200
9.1
5.3
8.0
2B2
-$57,580
$25,282
-$48,637
16.8
10.0
16.1
NPV = Net Pre
2B3
-$68,047
-$55,177 SOLUTIONS,
17.8
ENERGY -$14,681
& ENVIRONMENTAL
INC.12.5
2003©
16.6
PB = Payback
In all cases the benefits would be lower if only a portion of the building systems used enthalpy heat recovery.
EES
39
H.S. ENTHALPY HEAT RECOVERY
PAYBACKS (Years)
40
ENTHALPY HX CONCLUSIONS
EES

In general, the overall economics for use of enthalpy heat recovery
appear to be quite positive; the technology has maximum benefits for
the all-electric cases.

For the elementary school, NPVs ranged from -$65,045 (Cleveland,
1A2) to $887,794 (Columbus, 3C1) and paybacks ranged from nearly
instantaneous (Columbus, 3C1) to 104.5 years (Cleveland, 1A2).
However, over 75% of the cases have positive NPVs and paybacks of
less than 11 years. Consistently, systems based on water-cooled
screw chillers produce the poorest NPVs and PBs while all-electric
systems produce the best NPVs and PBs.

For the high school, NPVs ranged from -$83,915 (Cleveland, 4D3) to
$1,166,479 (Columbus, 3C1) and paybacks ranged from nearly
instantaneous (Columbus, 3C1) to 20.0 years (Cleveland, 1A2).

Given building lives in excess of 20 years, it would appear that
enthalpy heat recovery should be considered in all high school cases
and the majority of elementary school cases.
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
41
OCCUPANCY-BASED
VENTILATION
ANALYSES
EES
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
42
ASHRAE 62 VENTILATION
REQUIREMENTS WITH TIME
E: ASHRAE 62-n
BACK
EES
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
43
OCCUPANCY-BASED VENTILATION (IAQ)
APPROACH
EES

Energy Costs - Models re-run for high school in
Columbus. Ran two cases: i) reduced ventilation air
from 15 to 10 CFM/person and ii) increased air from
15 to 20 CFM/person.

Capital Costs - Incremental equipment costs
for both options computed based on
smaller/larger plant sizes.

Differential annual energy costs and S&M
costs were combined with incremental
equipment first costs, to calculate NPVs.
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
44
2D3
Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller
3A1
Water Source Heat Pump
340
325
400
Multiple units Multiple units Multiple units
3B1
Water Source
Heat Pump
Multiple
units Multiple
units Multiple units
COOLING
EQUIPMENT
SIZE
CHANGES
3C1
HVAC
3D1
System
4A1
Option
Water Source Heat Pump
Cooling Plant
Water Source Heat Pump
Multiple units Multiple units Multiple units
HS Cooling Equipment (RT)
Multiple units Multiple units Multiple units
Air Cooled Screw Chiller
340
Base Case
10 CFM325
20 CFM370
4A2
1A1
Water
Cooled
Screw
Chiller
Air Cooled
Screw
Chiller
340
325
370
4A3
1A2
Water Cooled Centrifugal
Chiller
Screw Chiller
340
325
400
370
4B1
1A3
Air
Cooled
Screw
Chiller Chiller
Water
Cooled
Centrifugal
340
325
370
400
4B2
1B1
Water
Cooled
Screw
Chiller
Air Cooled
Screw
Chiller
340
325
370
4B3
1B2
Water Cooled Centrifugal
Chiller
Screw Chiller
340
325
400
370
4C1
1B3
Air
Cooled
Screw
Chiller Chiller
Water
Cooled
Centrifugal
340
325
370
400
4C2
1C1
Water
Cooled
Screw
Chiller
Air Cooled
Screw
Chiller
340
325
370
4C3
1C2
Water
Chiller
Water Cooled
Cooled Centrifugal
Screw Chiller
340
340
325
325
400
370
4D1
1C3
Air
Cooled
Screw
Chiller Chiller
Water
Cooled
Centrifugal
340
340
325
325
370
400
4D2
1D1
4D3
1D2
Water
Cooled
Screw
Chiller
Air Cooled
Screw
Chiller
Water Cooled
Cooled Screw
Centrifugal
Chiller
Water
Chiller
340
340
340
340
325
325
325
325
370
370
400
370
1D3
Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller
340
325
400
Water Cooled Screw Chiller
340
325
370
340
325
400
Table 8-1:
2A1
2A2
Cooling Equipment Chiller Sizes (RT) for Three
Air Cooled Screw Chiller
340
325
370
Fresh Air Ventilation Rates (High School - Columbus, OH)
10 CFM/Person Cooling
Equipment
Size:
Reductions:
2A3
Water Cooled
Centrifugal
Chiller 15 RT
2B1
Air Cooled Screw Chiller
340
325
370
20 CFM/Person Cooling Equipment Size: Increase: 30 to 60 RT
2B2
Water Cooled Screw Chiller
340
325
370
Heat Pump Cases: Baseline Case - 423 RT, 10 CFM/Person Case - 362 RT, 20 CFM/Person Case - 485 RT
2B3
Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller
340
325
400
EES
2C1
Air Cooled Screw Chiller
340
325
2C2
Water Cooled
Screw&Chiller
340
325 ©
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS,
INC. 2003
370
370
45
2D2
Oil Boiler - Power Burner
7,000
4,500
7,000
2D3
Oil Boiler - Power Burner
7,000
4,500
7,000
HEATING
EQUIPMENT
SIZE
CHANGES
3A1
NG Boiler - Atmospheric Burner
7,000
5,000
8,500
3B1
HVAC
System
3C1
Option
3D1
1A1
4A1
1A2
4A2
1A3
4A3
1B1
4B1
1B2
4B2
1B3
4B3
1C1
4C1
1C2
4C2
1C3
4C3
1D1
4D1
1D2
4D2
1D3
4D3
2A1
Table
8-2:
2A2
2A3
NG Boiler
- Power Burner
Heating
Plant
Electric Boiler
Oil Boiler - Power Burner
NG Boiler - Atmospheric Burner
NG Boiler - Atmospheric Burner
NG Boiler - Atmospheric Burner
NG Boiler - Atmospheric Burner
NG Boiler - Atmospheric Burner
NG Boiler - Atmospheric Burner
NG Boiler - Power Burner
NG Boiler - Power Burner
NG Boiler - Power Burner
NG Boiler - Power Burner
NG Boiler - Power Burner
NG Boiler - Power Burner
Electric Boiler
Electric Boiler
Electric Boiler
Electric Boiler
Electric Boiler
Electric Boiler
Oil Boiler - Power Burner
Oil Boiler - Power Burner
Oil Boiler - Power Burner
Oil Boiler - Power Burner
Oil Boiler - Power Burner
Oil Boiler - Power Burner
NG Boiler - Atmospheric Burner
7,000 Equipment
5,000 (MBTUH)
8,500
HS Cooling
5,900
Base Case
7,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
5,734
5,734
5,734
5,734
5,734
5,734
7,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
4,200
10 CFM
5,000
4,500
5,000
4,500
5,000
4,500
5,000
4,500
5,000
4,500
5,000
4,500
5,000
3,800
4,200
3,800
4,200
3,800
4,200
4,500
5,000
4,500
5,000
4,500
5,000
4,500
7,000
20 CFM
Heating
Equipment Boiler Sizes
(MBTUH)
for Three
NG Boiler - Atmospheric Burner
7,000
4,500
7,000
Fresh
Air
Ventilation
Rates
(High
School
–
Columbus,
OH)
NG Boiler - Atmospheric Burner
7,000
4,500
7,000
2B1 Heating Equipment
NG Boiler
Burner 1,534 7,000
4,500
10 CFM/Person
Size:- Power
Reductions:
to 2,500 MBTUH
2B2
NG Boiler - Power Burner
7,000
4,500
20 CFM/Person Heating Equipment Size: Increase: 0 to 1,500 MBTUH
2B3
NG Boiler - Power Burner
7,000
4,500
EES
2C1
2C2
8,500
7,000
8,500
7,000
8,500
7,000
8,500
7,000
8,500
7,000
8,500
7,000
8,500
5,734
7,000
5,734
7,000
5,734
7,000
7,000
8,500
7,000
8,500
7,000
8,500
7,000
Electric Boiler
5,734
3,800
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL
SOLUTIONS,
INC.
2003©
Electric Boiler
5,734
3,800
7,000
7,000
7,000
5,734
5,734
46
H.S. DIFFERENTIAL ENERGY USAGE
HVAC
System
Option
Columbus - 20 vs 15 CFM
Baseline
Energy
20 CFM
Energy
Columbus - 10 vs 15 CFM
Increased
Energy Use
Baseline
Energy
10 CFM
Energy
Decreased
Energy Use
1A1
7,429
8,694
1,265
7,429
6,329
1,101
1A2
7,263
8,518
1,256
7,263
6,167
1,095
1A3
7,384
8,670
1,286
7,384
6,289
1,096
1B1
7,354
8,622
1,268
7,354
6,285
1,069
1B2
7,187
8,446
1,259
7,187
6,123
1,064
1B3
7,309
8,598
1,289
7,309
6,244
1,064
1C1
6,513
7,569
1,057
6,513
5,647
866
1C2
6,346
7,394
1,048
6,346
5,486
860
1D1
7,339
8,573
1,235
7,339
6,260
1,079
Comparing the 10 vs 15 CFM/person cases, annual energy savings ranged a low of 825
1C3 BTUH per year
6,468 (2C3) to7,546
1,078 million BTUH
6,468
5,607(3A1).
861
million
a high of 1,532
per year
On a1D2
per square foot
basis, this
ranged from
a low of 6.8
BTUH per1,074
square
7,172
8,398
1,226
7,172thousand
6,098
foot 1D3
per year (2C3)7,293
to a high of8,549
12.7 thousand
square foot
(3A1).
1,256BTUH per
7,293
6,219per year 1,074
2A1
7,335
8,601
1,266
7,335
6,252
1,084
2A3
7,292
8,581
1,288
7,292
6,238
1,054
Comparing the 20 vs 15 CFM/person cases, annual site energy increased from a low of
2A2
7,165
8,421
1,255
7,165
6,087
1,078
1,048 million BTUH per year (1C2) to a high of 1,565 per year (3A1).
7,260
8,527
1,267
7,260thousand
6,205
On a2B1
per square foot
basis, this
ranged from
a low of 8.7
BTUH per1,055
square
foot 2B2
per year (1C2)7,090
to a high of8,346
13.0 BTUH per
(3A1).
1,256square foot
7,090 per year
6,041
1,049
EES
2B3
7,217
8,506
1,289
7,217
6,192
1,025
2C1
6,449
7,504
1,055
6,449
5,595
855
2C2
©
& ENVIRONMENTAL
SOLUTIONS,
INC. 2003
6,279 ENERGY7,324
1,044
6,279
5,430
849
47
H.S. VENTILATION ENERGY SAVINGS
(MMBTUH/Year)
EES
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
48
H.S. VENTILATION ENERGY SAVINGS
($/Year)
EES
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
49
H.S. VENTILATION ENERGY COSTS ($/Year)
EES
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
50
2B2
-$160,917
$144,691
2B3
-$157,666
$192,222
2C1
-$456,192
2C2
System
2C3
Num ber
2D1
1A1
2D2
1A2
2D3
1A3
3A1
1B1
3B1
1B2
3C1
1B3
3D1
1C1
4A1
1C2
4A2
1C3
4A3
1D1
4B1
1D2
4B2
1D3
4B3
2A1
4C1
2A2
4C2
2A3
4C3
2B1
4D1
2B2
4D2
2B3
4D3
2C1
EES
2C2
2C3
$547,384
VENTILATION
NPV RESULTS
-$436,251
$507,531
High School
-$440,209
$556,636
10 CFM
20 CFM
-$187,174
$192,541
-$193,849
$194,240
-$156,841
$142,959
-$164,410
$140,254
-$153,589
$191,515
-$167,529
$191,218
-$454,070
$476,388
-$191,905
$194,387
-$452,612
$475,586
-$162,421
$139,909
-$830,618
$842,266
-$165,540
$191,471
-$463,327
$459,586
-$454,764
$548,398
-$190,324
$256,093
-$434,837
$508,696
-$163,549
$191,240
-$440,867
$557,542
-$167,043
$240,713
-$188,056
$193,371
-$188,884
$261,268
-$158,406
$139,120
-$162,593
$195,631
-$161,525
$190,681
-$166,105
$245,840
-$192,914
$193,461
-$567,880
$553,526
-$162,836
$145,976
-$547,941
$513,819
-$159,585
$192,014
-$553,984
$562,667
-$191,085
$193,473
-$185,023
$251,558
-$160,917
$144,691
-$159,109
$185,498
-$157,666
$192,222
-$162,621
$236,220
-$456,192
$547,384
-$436,251
For the 10 vs 15 CFM/person cases (reduced
ventilation or fresh air), the minimum savings
calculated were $153,589 (2D3) and the
maximum savings were $830,618 (3C1).
For the 20 vs 15 CFM/person cases
(increased ventilation or fresh air), the
minimum savings calculated were $139,120
(1D2) and the maximum savings were
$842,266 (3C1).
The least impacted cases use water-cooled
chillers and the highest impacted case is the
all-electric heat pump case.
$507,531
& ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
-$440,209 ENERGY
$556,636
51
VENTILATION LIFE CYCLE RESULTS
EES
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
52
VENTILATION (IAQ) CONCLUSIONS
EES

From a life-cycle perspective, decreasing ventilation air to school
spaces saves $153,589 (2D3) to $830,618 (3C1), or 4.9% to 17.9% of
baseline life cycle costs. Typical savings were about 5.2%.

From a life-cycle perspective, increasing ventilation air to school
spaces costs $139,120 (1D2) to $842,266 (3C1) or 4.5% to 18.1% of
baseline life cycle costs. Typical increased costs were about 5.8%.

Reduced equipment first costs for the 10 CFM/person cases ranged
from a low of $21,361 (4C1) to a high of $106,530 (3D1).

Increased equipment first costs for the 20 CFM/person cases ranged
from a low of $13,236 (multiple cases) to a high of $113,496 (3D1).
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
53
GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP
ANALYSES
EES
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
54
GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP APPROACH
EES

Energy Costs - Models re-run for six cases. These
cases were both building types in all three cities.

Capital Costs - Equipment costs for both building
types were computed based on an average of three
sources of cost data.

Annual energy costs and S&M costs were combined
with equipment first costs to calculate life cycle
costs.

Ground-loop temperatures critical to sizing and
costing systems … and to the resultant energy and
economic analyses.
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
55
GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP GROUND LOOP
TEMPERATURE ISSUE
ISSUE:
NEED OPTIMAL DESIGN LOOP TEMPERATURES ON AN HOUR BY HOUR
BASIS TO RUN HAP!…DON’T EXIST.
Evaluated series of DOE raw data (NB and KY), but sub optimum…downhole temperature profiles flat.
Decided to determine /use monthly averages as best alternative.
Keys:
Profile must reflect Ohio subsurface conditions and must optimize down
hole costs (steep profile would be best) against system performance and
delivered comfort (flat profile would be best).
Again, little hard
design guidance available.
FIGURE 9-1: GROUND-LOOP MONTHLY TEMPERATURES
90
Decision: Profile reflects ARI test
standards for geothermal
heat pumps.
Temperature (F)
80
80
75
70
75
70
65
60
65
63
60
58
55
50
55
50
40
J
EES
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
Month
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
56
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY MODELING RESULTS
Building Type
& Location
Elec.
(kWH)
Nat. Gas
(MCF)
Fuel Oil
(Gallons)
Site Energy
(MMBTU)
Source Energy
(MMBTU)
Max.
(kW)
Elem. School
Cincinnati
854,446
0
0
2,915
9,718
443
Cleveland
896,719
0
0
3,060
10,199
539
Columbus
865,200
0
0
2,952
9,840
503
Cincinnati
1,499,019
0
0
5,115
17,049
682
Cleveland
1,571,865
0
0
5,363
17,877
805
Columbus
1,523,422
0
0
5,198
17,326
771
High School
Table 9-2:
EES
Annual Site and Source Energy Consumption for Geothermal Cases
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
57
GEOTHERMAL ANNUAL ENERGY COST RESULTS
Building Type
& Location
Annual
Energy Cost
Elem. School
Cincinnati
$87,982
Cleveland
$121,427
Columbus
$85,400
High School
EES
Cincinnati
$141,193
Cleveland
$201,972
Columbus
$136,106
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
58
GEOTHERMAL LIFE-CYCLE ASSUMPTIONS
Geothermal well field costs:
Source
Jim Kish
Charley Hill
Maxey - ORNL
$/RT
$1,200.00
$750.00
$948.80
Ohio - installs 5 per systems per year
Ohio installer
Lincoln, NB installation
$966.27 Avg.
Used average value for wellfield costs!
Service and Maintenance Costs:
Cost Item
PM
Repair
Replacement
EES
Value and Basis
$400/year for ES and $600/year for HS
$4,053 and $5,653 annually for the ES and HS respectively
(1/20th of first cost every five years)
1/20 of first cost per year.
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
59
GEOTHERMAL LIFE CYCLE COSTS
HVAC
System
Number
3A1 - Geo
Elementary School
Cincinnati
Cleveland
High School
Columbus Cincinnati Cleveland
Columbus
$3,285,977 $3,739,791 $3,296,783 $4,474,558 $5,225,838 $4,469,900
Comparable Baseline Life Cycle Results:
EES
Elementary School:
$1,897,806 to $3,693,690
High School:
$3,048,756 to $5,465,692
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
60
In Plain
English Please!…
SUMMARY – GEOTHERMAL H.P.
Annual energy costs for Geothermal H.P. are low.
 Life-cycle costs are relatively high.
 Key is below-ground costs (i.e., drilling) which
make first costs high.
 Technology is relatively new; first costs are likely to
drop with time.
 Design basis (e.g., loop temperature curve vs heat
exchange area) for below-ground conditions
still evolving.

EES
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
61
DAYLIGHTING
ANALYSES
EES
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
62
In Plain
English Please!…
EES
SUMMARY – DAYLIGHTING

Net annual energy costs for daylighting
are essentially neutral. This is quite
positive since non-energy benefits are
positive (e.g., increased test scores).

The two new buildings appear to be over
lit (100 vs 60 foot-candles). Need to
determine why.

Key to daylighting is alternative
architectural considerations – See
detailed recommendations.
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
63
ANY
QUESTIONS?
EES
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003©
64
Thank You
Stephen Petty, P.E., C.I.H.
Energy & Environmental Solutions, Inc.
84 N. High Street, Suite 2B
Dublin, OH 43017
EES
(614) 798-4123
www.eesinc.cc
sepetty@eesinc.cc
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 2003 ©
65