Unit B6: Urban environments
Review
Y11 Geography
1
Key idea 1: A growing percentage of the world’s
population lives in urban areas.
• The nature of urbanisation (including
suburbanisation and counterurbanisation);
• The problems associated with rapid
urbanisation including congestion, transport,
employment, crime and environmental
quality.
• Mapping of the changing global distribution of
megacities.
• Environmental quality survey (fieldwork
opportunity).
2
Key idea 2: The urban environment is characterised by
the segregation of different land uses and of people of
different economic status and ethnic background.
• Factors encouraging similar land uses to concentrate in
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particular parts of the urban area (eg locational needs,
accessibility, land values).
Reasons for, and consequences of, the segregation of
different socioeconomic and ethnic groups.
Shanty towns (squatter communities): location, growth,
problems and mitigating strategies (including self-help).
Land use transects plotting (fieldwork opportunity
A case study of one city to show the land use patterns and
the distribution of social/ethnic groups.
 where was this?
• A case study of shanty town management in a LIC city.
 where was this?
3
Key idea 3: Changes occur as urban environments age
and the needs of people change.
• The nature of, and reasons for, the changes taking place at
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the edge of HIC cities (eg retail complexes, business parks
and industrial estates). The ‘greenfield’ versus ‘brownfield’
debate.
Areas of social deprivation and poverty in HIC cities:
symptoms and locations. The changing fortunes of inner-city
areas.
The roles of managers (planners, politicians, property
developers and industrialists) in urban regeneration and reimaging.
Annotated sketches of urban change based on the analysis
of photographs and maps.
A case study of one named urban area in an HIC to explain
how and why changes are taking place.
4
Those of you who were around in
week 7 will recall that …
• We never got to complete the unit fully.
• So while there is a review of all sections on
this presentation, we will likely to not see it all,
as the missing piece is going to be looked at
first - including the last case study.
5
Cities are always changing
• Using Manchester as an example:
• Stage 1: it became a centre of the cotton industry
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once the Manchester ship canal had been
completed. Cotton from India was easily imported.
There was a good supply of coal that fuelled the
steam engines that powered the factories. The
damp atmosphere was perfect for cotton production.
The factories were built close to the city centre
which was close to the main rotes in and out of
Manchester.
Once electricity became widely available and the
steam engine went out of use, the port, the climate
and the trained workers kept the industry going.
6
Cities are always changing
• Using Manchester as an example:
• Stage 1 continued
• Between WW1 and WW2, more cotton was turned into cloth
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in India and so less was imported from there, but there was
still enough to keep this very important industry going.
During WW2, the local engineering skills were put to good
use for the war work, aeroplanes and weapons in particular.
This made Manchester a target for the Luftwaffe and much of
the inner city was destroyed.
In 1948 India gained independence, starting mass producing
its own cotton cloth, far cheaper than that made in
Manchester.
7
Cities are always changing
• Using Manchester as an example:
• So where does this leave
Manchester?
• With a very old centre and inner city,
much of it destroyed, and that which
was still there was not of any real
use.
8
Cities are always changing
• So, in the first half of the C20 the CBD was the
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hub of the town with shops, offices and public
buildings.
By 1950s the centres were suffering from
congestion, pollution, noise and overcrowding.
Stage 2: The redundant buildings were
cleared to make way for redevelopment. Older
building were replaced by skyscrapers. Main
shopping streets were pedestrianised. Inside
shopping centres were developed. Multi-storey 1960s coop
car parks were provided as part of the
building
redevelopment.. Where the old narrow streets
remained, one-ways systems altered the flow
of traffic.
An alternative was to permit out-of-town
shopping centres, so if they were not to loose
out completely, CBDs has to change fast.
9
The CBD
• Begun in 1972, on completion in 1979 the Arndale was the largest
covered town shopping centre in Europe, encompassing some 12
hectares (30 acres – big!!) in the old city centre, with over 200
shops, major department stores, restaurants and fast food outlets
with over 75,000 shoppers a day!
• The Centre had an 1,800 space multi-storey car park, shopping
malls on two levels, office space in the tower, residential flats, and
a bus station.
• However, it was not a popular
development as it obliterated
some of Manchester's old streets
and alleys and a cement monolith
clad in beige tiles which have got
tired over time – there was little
natural light and no window on the
outside. It went way over budget
and many investors went bust in
the process.
10
Signs of social deprivation and poverty
• The inner cities also needed attention. There were
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large areas of waste ground – some due to war
damage and others due to the loss of Victorian
factories.
Many of the small rows of terraces were boarded
up and unused.
Empty buildings were a target for vandalism,
squatting and spray paint. It was all very decayed.
Those who could afford to move out did, leaving
the unemployed and those on low wages.
Crime rates were high.
The number of old or single parent families and
immigrants was well above average.
11
1955 - 75
• The first wave of redevelopment was in the 1960s
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and 1970s.
Over 90,000 of the worst houses were
demolished and replaced by tower blocks in the
inner city and ‘overspill’ communities in the
suburbs.
The feeling at the time was to provide as many
units as possible in a new clean and modern
environment.
Tower blocks were seen as the answer. The case
for tower blocks was pretty clear from the start:
slum clearance.
It allowed high density (on average 200 people
per acre) and the saving of urban land, which
even 40 years ago was scarce.
A British dwelling that offered better light, an
inside toilet and bath, central heating, electrical
fittings, cleaner circulating air - all within a dry
building set on a landscaped green - might, even
now, seem like a thing worth having.
What was seen as
beautiful in the 1960s
…
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• Architects decreed that the sun, not the streets, should
determine the orientation of homes. But they made too
little allowance for the way people actually live indoors,
especially when occupying closed buildings with shared
lifts and other amenities.
• Very soon, those who had wrapped ribbon around their
first set of inside bath taps on the day they'd moved in,
wanted out - and preferably to somewhere not unlike
the place they'd left so triumphantly a short while
before.
• Looking out from a central stair well killed the sense of
community. Soon enough gangs set fire to the
stairwells, sprayed front doors and went joyriding on top
of the lift, shouting abuse and terrorising old people.
• The surrounding shops and pubs were closed or
fortified in the face of serial robberies.
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• The planners
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•
began to see the
error of their
ways.
They began to
think that the
design caused
the problems,
that the
particular type or
shape of new
blocks might,
itself, encourage
vandalism.
But what did the
people say?
14
How did it all go wrong in the 1960s?
• As we see, the aims put in place by the
politicians and made into a realizable form by
the designers is where it went wrong.
• They aimed to improve the physical
circumstances, while ignoring the social ones
• But this happened all over the world in the
60s and 70s.
• It was not until later that slowly people began
to see that this simply did not work
15
One of the worst horrors in
Manchester
A closer look – if
you want it!
Aerial view of the
Crescents in
Hulme - 1970'
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Cities are always changing
• So with an unpopular city centre and
disastrous public housing, high
unemployment, a large immigrant population,
something needed to happen -- and it did
• We move onto Manchester stage 3
17
The CBD
• As luck would have it the IRA blew a big hole
in part of it in 1996 – and this redevelopment
was far more attractive
How has it
changed?
18
The CBD is not the only place that
has changed….
• Within 20 years many of these tower blocks
have been replaced by low rise
accommodation, in attempt to take more
notice of the people’s need for community as
well as good facilities.
• Some of tower blocks that remain have been
upgraded with internal security from a
caretaker and an entry phone system.
• Young professional people who work in the
CBD and some retired folks find them
attractive and safe and compact.
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• As we have said cities are always changing. Where
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there are major schemes, these take many years to
plan and implement. They usually involve many
different types of project, shops, offices, industry,
housing and transport. These are known as urban
renewal or regeneration.
These 2 words are used interchangeably.
They both mean the revival of old parts of the builtup area by either installing modern facilities in old
buildings (known as ‘improvement’) or opting for
redevelopment. (knock down and start again).
Urban regeneration is a process to improve economical, physical, social and
environmental condition of an area.
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• However, some cities take this even further. Where there is
widespread need for modernisation, and where the city feels
it is known not for the good things about it, it attempts to
change the perception of how the city is seen through it
regeneration. This is called re-imaging.
• A well know example of this has been the re-imaging of the
London Docks.
• It was known to be old and decaying, a good place for
criminal gangs to operate, where life was short and hard.
• Now when we think of the London Docks, we think of it as a
very select area where you do not live without serious money,
the centre for National Newspapers and other high-tech
industries and as a financial centre – all in about 30 years!
21
A bit of a change? The
blocks on the left of both
pictures are part of the
same place!
22
• Manchester in 1960-80 was a city in decline. They
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were no longer able to compete with many
industries which produced much cheaper in the
MICs and LICs.
There was a recession in the UK (just like now –
they happen every so often).
The Trafford Area, in the 1880s one of the first UK
industrial parks, was loosing companies at an
alarming rate, declining from several thousands to a
few hundred.
The docks on the Manchester Ship canal which
joined it to the big port of Liverpool, finally closed
and lay derelict.
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• It was made an Enterprise zone, with all the grants
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and development help government that came with
that status, but little happened.
It then became an Urban Development Corporation
in 1987 and things moved much faster.
Opportunities were made for industrial, residential,
commercial and leisure facilities.
It has become a major area of finance and the arts
(Lowry Centre) in an attractive landscape along the
old ship canal (in a similar way as Docklands in
London).
What is the image that
they are trying to show
the world?
24
Re-imaging often applies to areas within a city
• Good transport and excellent facilities have
been important features of Manchester’s
success.
• Motorways link Manchester to the rest of the
UK. It has a rail-freight terminal.
• It has the metrolink system for travel within
the city.
• It also has a large international airport for
links to the continent and USA.
What is the image that they are
trying to show the world?
25
More re-imaging
• In the 1990s Manchester put in for a bid for the Olympic
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games for 2000. As part of its application, it chose an area of
East Manchester as a potential site for sporting facilities.
Even though it failed to win, it built The Velodrome as a
centre for British cycling.
However, it did win a bid to host the Commonwealth Games
in 2002 and built the City of Manchester Stadium to house it.
This was handed over to Manchester City Football club after
the games were finished. East Manchester gained a lot of
prestige form hosting the games and several nationally
acclaimed sports venues are now sited there.
In addition new housing and new community and business
facilities were built. The new investment created jobs and an
estimated 1/3 million visitors annually.
What is the image that they are trying to show the world?
26
More re-imaging
• In the inner city there
have been a number of
innovative housing
schemes, e.g. turning
old mills into
apartments, with prices
up to £2 million each!
This one however is
cheaper – only £650 a
month for a 2 bed
apartment in the roof!
What is the image
that they are trying to
show the world? 27
Hulme ‘Design out crime’
• This is south of the ring road a little to the west of the
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university area- similar to Rusholme
The jewel in the M15 housing crown, this is a delightful area
with a seamless blend of terraced houses and three or four
storey apartment blocks.
Everything is light in colour, the place abounds in young
trees and other floral touches, roads are short, many
graciously curved, and the street plan deters any rat-run
possibilities.
The residents' pride in their properties is evident, and a
common sight throughout Hulme is a balcony groaning
under the weight of its own private jungle.
The houses also boast their own tiny gardens and some
have driveways, and community gardens and allotments
enhance the pleasant ambience.
The northern half of West Hulme has Hulme Park as its focal
point, facing south to the local high street of Stretford Road.
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Pictures of Hulme and Hulme
Park
Zion Arts centres
Basketball
Also outdoor performance space,
playground and lighting and fencing
throughout, at the request of
residents. Why?
Sensory Garden
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The way the park evolved shows another
way in which planning has changed
• Local people were involved in the development of Hulme Park, a
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large area of green space and sports facilities which connects
Hulme to Manchester city centre. Designed by Landscape Projects.
The new 16 hectare park extends the vitality of the city centre into
the previously neglected area of Hulme, provides an off-street route
for pedestrians and cyclists into the city centre.
Its green space is close to community, sports and leisure uses, and
within its clearly defined edges are themed gardens, professional
sports provision and informal planted areas, as well as a
performance space.
The park's design and completion took place only after successful
public consultation process, during which major adjustments were
made to the layout and content of the park.
Everyone working together created the genuine sense of ownership
now expressed by local residents, and its value to the community is
reflected in the rise in house prices in the area since its creation.
30
So today we have looked at…
• Why there needed to be redevelopment
• Who was involved and what they were trying to
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achieve in the early days.
What happened then and the mistakes that were
made.
In what ways has it been put right since
How a city changes its image
And lastly just how much ideas have been changed
about how to redevelop – gone is the "Defending
Jobs, Improving Services“ attitude and in has come
“People and community first”
31
Review of the parts covered before
Y11 Geography
32
• Urbanisation is the process by which more and
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more people move from rural areas into towns and
cities.
What pattern do you see in 2005?
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This is another way to look at it Urban centres 2007
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.
But what
pattern do
you see
here?
But this shows how it has
changed
How does
that
match
with
previous
graphs?
What do you
see as a
pattern for
the future?
35
But as we have seen, the pattern
does change with development
Stage 3
Mature urbanisation
Stage 4
Counterurbanisation
Stage 1
Early urbanisation
Stage 2
Acceleration
urbanisation
The
urbanisation
pathway
• So what do you think are the typical features
of each stage?
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The history of urbanisation
• Urban first appear as a result of agglomerisation –
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that is the concentration of people and economic
activities at favourable locations – and these might
be?
As towns expand, people move from near the
centre outwards in a process of suburbanisation –
which city did we use as an example of this? What
were the push/pull factors that encouraged this?
Agglomerisation + suburbanisation can lead to
conurbations – the joining of several urban areas
to form one huge sprawling. Can you name one?
http://ih-igcse-geography.wikispaces.com/6.1.Urbanisation
37
The history of urbanisation
• As an urban area prospers and grows, other
factors come into play. People may move out
of the city they work in to live in smaller more
rural settlements - dormitory settlements.
They then commute to the city to work and so
still make use of the city services.
• Over time, a different process sets in –
people move further out into the country and
often take their businesses with them – this is
counterurbanisation.
http://ih-igcse-geography.wikispaces.com/6.1.Urbanisation
38
These processes can be linked back
to the urbanisation pathway diagram
• Agglomeration and suburbanisation go hand in hand with stage 1
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and 2, while dormitory towns and commuting come with Stage 3
and counterurbanisation are relevant to stage 4.
Urban regeneration could be added to stage 3 – that is the reusing of older parts of the city, that no longer serve the purpose
that was designed for, such as old factories and poor housing. –
we will return to this later. The upmarket version of this is called
re-imaging, in it simplest form means not just re-using it but
making sure everyone is aware of what a great place it is! Classic
example – London Docklands.
Urbanising the suburbs is another part of development pathway
– Stage 3/4. Originally suburbs had wide roads, big gardens etc –
but now the push for brownfield development means that in-filling
between houses, adding houses to large old back gardens etc
39
Key ideas about million cities
• Until 1800 there were none and by 1900, the book
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says only London and Paris had a million –
however, other sources reckon that Beijing was
already a million in 1800 and that by 1900 there
were 12 in total! So I think you need to include
Beijing for 1800 and for very few including London
and Paris for 1900! The current estimate is about
400!
As they have become so common, then we need a
name for the next biggest – megacities have over
10 million – in 1970 there were just 4 – now are 24
of them! UN estimates say there will be 30 by 2015,
over half in Asia.
40
Classic question: What are the reasons for
the growth of megacities?
• Make sure you include these 4:
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Economic development
Natural population growth + migrants
Economies of scale
Multiplier effect
• Most expansion takes place in centres where is easiest to
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get the goods and services needed to succeed – these 2 can
be grouped under economic development and economies of
scale.
Cities attract the young – as the cool place to be, where
there is plenty going on – young people go on to have
families.
The multiplier effect is that business brings jobs, that bring
money that have need of basic services and with additional
prosperity, luxury services.
41
The downside of mega cities
• Is there enough good quality housing for all
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the new arrivals?
Are there enough basic services to give a
decent quality of life to everyone living there?
Are there enough roads and public transport
to move people around efficiently?
Is there enough health case? Education?
Answer no to any of these and you have a
down side!
42
The downside of mega cities
• Additionally – if there are not enough jobs in the
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formal economy*, then there are likely to be crime
and/or job issues.
This can lead to gang culture and possibly gun
crime.
But there are disadvantages for the country
containing the megacity – it acts as a magnet for all
resources, economic activity – making it a core
(like a big magnet), and so creates a periphery
around them – an area of deprivations as it e little
investment or improved services.
*What is the informal economy?
43
One last mention of cites
(and a new one on me, BTW)
• A global or a world city – this has no minimum
size - thus far 31 have been so defined.
• They have high status as
 Economic world centres – have important stock
exchanges, banking centres etc
 Politically they are most often capital cities and
are often centres of political organisations e.g
UN, World Bank
 Transport hubs, air road and rail
 Cultural centres – big theatre, museums etc
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A map showing world/global
cities
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Look at any built up area and …
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You will find a number of recurring features
A CBD (Central Business District)
A variety of residential districts
Small shopping centres (or parades)
Industry etc.
See over
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Similar activities cluster together
because …
• They have the same location needs – close to
main roads, space to spread (industry &
warehousing for example)
• They can afford similar land values
• So retailing, offices cluster around the centre
together with other commercial services, e.g.
entertainment.
• Land is cheaper towards the outer ring, so
houses become more spacious.
47
Segregation by ethnic origin in the USA Miami
• A whole data set for
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cities created by Bill
Rankin
Red is white
Blue is black
Orange is Hispanic
And any green you can
see is Asian!
48
http://www.flickr.com/photos/walkingsf/sets/72157624812674967/detail/?page=3
Why does segregation by ethnic
groups occur?
• The textbook (page 157) has a neat table that
shows many of the reasons why this occurs.
• They call the factors ‘internal’ [i.e. those due
to behaviour of the ethnic group]
• And ‘external’ [i.e. due to behaviour of the
resident majority]
49
Factors encouraging ethnic segregation in
cities
• Internal factors
• Mutual support – family
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shops, religion etc
Encouraging
friendship/marriage within
their group – reducing
outside influence
Protection against
antagonistic behaviour
Increasing political
influence
Use of native language
Base for militants
• External factor
• Migration of local people away
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from ethnic concentrations
Job discrimination leads to low
pay from ethnic workers, forcing
them into areas of cheap housing
Discrimination by those people
who rent/sell houses to stop
ethnic groups moving out of
ghettos
Social hostility from major
population
Violence against ethnic minorities
or fear of violence
50
A case study of one city to show the
land use patterns and the distribution
of social/ethnic groups.
Manchester
Y11 Geography
51
We looked at this in
Manchester
• Recall the transect from the CBD of
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Manchester right out as far as Didsbury
Watch out for the internationally famous
curry mile – see the knife and fork on the
map
Please explore esp now google maps has
street level all the way!
http://maps.google.co.uk/maps/ms?hl=en&i
e=UTF8&msa=0&msid=1142946390138115
56926.00046fa36e0cfa8e7cc73&z=12
52
We also explored ethnicity in Manchester
The City Centre
white
Chinese
Other
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These 2 represent
positive aspects to
concentration of
ethnic groups
Where
are these
2 pictures
taken?
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Problems in Manchester from ethic
concentrations
• Which groups are involved in these activities?
55
We also looked at economic
segregation
• Historically in HICs, houses are of better quality the
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further out you move.
We looked at the reason for this –
 the concentration of businesses that was near the centre,
 with the older industry grouped around it, for access to
the railway for example for transportation,
 the poor housing for the workers was nearby to allow
people to walk to work
 And increasingly better housing the further out from the
centre you went.
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CBD; zone of transition; lower, middle, upper class housing –
which is which and where?
• Central Manchester, Rusholme, Fallowfield, Withington,
Didsbury,
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We also looked at economic
segregation
• But some changes have, as you may have noticed been
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made
The zone of transition where old industry and housing is
being replaced by universities, museums and other
commercial and non commercial enterprises – TV studios,
entertainment etc.
But remember too, after the initial growth of urbanisation,
then there is the process of urbanising the suburbs – the
movement outwards of low and middle value housing, infilling between the ‘places’ – with their huge gardens and
space for servants – where there were council estates built
post WW2 to house those displaced as the inner-city slums
were knocked down.
58
Colshaw Farm Estate
• An overspill from central Manchester built in the
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1960s
But we come back to that again in the next week
or 2.
59
But we need to move on to look at
Shanty towns
Shanty towns (squatter communities): location,
growth, problems and mitigating strategies
(including self-help).
A case study of shanty town management in a
LIC city.
Y11 Geography
60
Just one point tho’
• Those of you who have and use the book, I feel they have
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been just plain lazy over the example they have used of Sao
Paulo.
The specification says:
A case study of shanty town management in a LIC city.
The chief examiner and co-author of the book did say that he
accepted that Brazil would rightly be unhappy about being
used as an example on an LIC.
The reason why Sao Paulo has been used, is clearly, that it
is a straight lift out of the textbook for the old exam!
So while if you use that you could not be faulted
61
Land use in LIC/MIC urban areas
• The central business district
Newer
is still at the centre
shanties
• But this time much of the
nicer housing in grouped
Older
around it, so that they have
developed
access for all the shops and shanties
cinemas and banks and
offices.
High cost
• In addition, more nice
housing
housing takes over the best
land spreading outwards
along a hillside or close to a
• People who moved to the town for work
beautiful part of town.
early on built houses for themselves or it
• The industry needs good
was provided as social housing when the
transport so tends to
city growth was much slower.
develop in wedges along the
• These areas tend to have most of the
main routes to the city.
essential services such as clean water
and sanitation and roads.
62
But MICs/LICs the pattern of land use is different
• But once urbanisation
really took off, people
arrived from the rural
areas, made shacks
wherever they could,
often in areas prone to
flooding for example or
subject to other forms
of pollution that no-one
else wanted, using
• They lacked paved roads and fresh
whatever materials
water or any of the other main
were around.
services, like schools and health
care.
• It is in the outer shanty towns that
you find most of problems shown in
the diagram, (see over).
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• The poor housing, lack of fresh water and sanitation, no
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electricity and unmade up roads are obvious problems.
Why did they occur? The people arrived faster than the city
could cope – and in the early days, many cities were
unwilling to try too hard.
Then there was employment issues.
The migrants from rural areas thought that they would be
much better off in the city, where there were lots of well-paid
jobs – or so they believed.
However, while there were jobs for the trained and
educated, these rural people lacked the skills to make them
employable in any of the available roles.
So they are often left trying scratch a living from the informal
economy (jobs that do not appear on government statistics
and are often very hard and can be dangerous as there is
no legal protection) as street vendors and cleaners or
working in sweatshops down to picking up rubbish to recycle
from the city tips.
65
• Some could not make enough feed their families and so
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turned to crime, pick-pocketing in the CBD or prostitution or
dealing drugs.
Hence crime was a big problem in some of the shanty
towns.
As we have mentioned there are few made-up roads in this
area so public transport has to manage with narrow, muddy
rutted roads.
Once the buses are on their way into the city, the roads are
crammed with every sort of vehicle wanting to get into the
centre - congestions and polluted air are common place.
However, this has become a major issue for the UN
Millennium goals.
Also the countries themselves see it in their own interests to
have a healthier, better educated, law abiding population,
and while such an enormous problem cannot be solved
overnight, by joining with the people in these areas, a lot has
been achieved, in some areas at least. We will look at some
examples of this in a later section.
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Case Study: the shanty town Kibera,
outside Nairobi, the capital of Kenya
Y11 Geography
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Mathare
Valley
Kibera, 7km
from the
CBD.
Variously its
population is
quoted at
600,000,
800,000 or
1 million
• 1. Shanty towns are on the edge of the city (except Mathare
•
•
Valley) where there is space to build on.
2. Shanty towns are close to rivers. Water is needed for drinking
and cooking. Sometimes it is marsh land where diseases and
illness can spread. In 1972 a deadly Cholera epidemic spread.
3. Shanty towns are close to main roads so people can get to the
CBD where they can find work.
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What is it like?
• The CBD of Nairobi looks fairly modern.
• A busy urban centre
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But out in Kibera …
• As you can see – this is the wet season – the river
•
•
•
valley is fairly flooded
Not much rubbish collection
No made up roads
You cannot see power lines – so no electricity
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But out in Kibera …
• Water comes from private standpipes – they pay up
•
•
•
•
•
to x10+ the amount for water that the better class
places with running water in the houses pay.
The other picture shows you the public sewer
The only solution in some parts are ‘flying toilets’
Have any spare plastic bags?
They do say goats will eat anything!
But it is not all bad - there are many examples of
small businesses, such bakers, beauty salons,
music shops etc
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A case study of shanty town
management in a LIC city.
• Management is the act of getting people together
•
•
to accomplish desired goals and objectives.
So to look at the management of a shanty, first you
need to decide on desired goals and objectives.
If we go back to slide 64, you can see what the
problems are, and so you can think of ideas that
help solve these problems – pick out 3 really good
examples of solutions to 3 different problems
http://ih-igcse-geography.wikispaces.com/6.6+All+about+Shanty+towns
http://lindym.wordpress.com/category/kibera/
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The problems that need solving
• Housing, transport, education ,clean water, sanitation, health
•
•
•
care, crime, job creation.
So management would include one or more the above:
Housing: UNHabitat + KENSUP are building blocks of flats
into which people will move temporarily while their own home
areas are redeveloped. They will be supplied with water and
electricity, and the latest blocks also contain health and
education facilities together with workshops for people to
start businesses in - after many delays and problems of
affordability, it is now progressing well.
Job creation and combating crime: Caroline for Kibera (see
over) started Trash is Cash (Swahili: Taka ni Pato). They
collect the rubbish and sort it, and then produce new
materials: they produce fuel bricks from card, paper and
sawdust. From plastic, they make bags and other fashion
items. Employed 55 youths.
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The problems that need solving
• Housing, transport, education ,clean water, sanitation, health care, crime.
• Healthcare: The Tabitha Clinic sprouted from the dreams of Tabitha
Festo. A resident of Kibera and a widowed mother of three, Tabitha was
given$26 to start a vegetable selling business. The money she earned
would go to found a clinic in her own home. After her death, this has been
taken on by an NGO, Carolina for Kibera celebrated the official opening
of Tabitha Health Clinic. The new clinic has solar-heated water tanks, an
open air space, a waiting room and education area combined, intake and
triage rooms, a children’s play area, 8 examination rooms, a better lab, a
pharmacy and staff conference area.
• Water: In general the water is very unsafe. The hoses and pipes used to
carry it are often damaged and lay over the filthy open sewers and waste
in the streets. The faulty pipes allow the filth to creep into the water and
actually contribute to the water-caused illnesses.
• To try and improve the dire situation in the slum, the Kenya Water for
Health Organisation (KWAHO) project has been installed.
• KWAHO aims “To provide clean, safe water within reasonable distance
and to improve the community’s living standards by providing proper
sanitation with a view to reducing waterborne diseases.”
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