Guitar 11-6
Mandarin
Bilabi Labioden Dental Retrofle Palat Vela Uvular
al
tal
x
al
r
Stops
Unaspirated
Aspirated
Nasals
b[p]
p[pʰ]
d[t]
t[pʰ]
g[k]
k[kʰ
]
m
n
ng[ŋ
]
Fricatives
f
s
sh[ʂ]
x[ɕ]
z[ts]
c[tsʰ]
zh[tʂ]
ch[tsʰ]
j[ʨ]
q[ʨʰ]
Affricates
Unaspirated
h[χ]
Aspirated
Liquid
l
Rhotic
Semivowels
r[ɺ]
w
y[j]
Sources:
http://www.asha.org/uploadedFiles/practice/multicultural/MandarinPhonemicInve
ntory.pdf
The languages of East and Southeast Asia, Goddard, 2005 (p.156)
They are 24 consonants in the Mandarin phoneme chart. Between Mandarin and
English chart, Mandarin has consonant more than English just one consonant.
Most of consonants are in Affricates and six consonants on stops. Mandarin
doesn’t have V and F, which is English have. English doesn’t have C, L, T, SH,
CH, X, and Q.
Vowel of Mandarin
Front
High
Central
i  y (ü)
ɨ (i)
Back
u
Round
Voice
ɣ (e)  o
Mid
ɚ (er)
ɛ (ê)
Low
a
The Mandarin’s vowel, it has seven sounds. Some of them are same as English,
they are i, y (ü), u, ɣ (e), o, ɚ (er), ɛ (ê), a. They have three vowels in the front
row that, one in high, one in middle, and one in low. Two vowels in the Central
row that, one in high, and one in middle. And the last row is back row, which is
two vowels, there are one in high, and one in middle. Some of them are different
from English that English doesn’t use it. English have eleven vowels. Therefore
English have four more vowels. English and Chinese, they are use the different
accent.
Sources:
http://ecconcord.ied.edu.hk/phonetics_and_phonology/wordpress/index.php/pronunciation
-feature-list-of-china-english-mandarin-speakers/
1. Simple/Complex words
Simple
Chinese
Pinyin
Gǒu
English
dog
Bǐ
Māo
pen
自行车
Pinyin
Zìxíngchē
English
Bicycle
后悔
Hòuhuǐ
Regret
电脑
Diànnǎo
Computer
狗
笔
猫
cat
Complex
Chinese
2. Three tree diagrams
Complex word
自行车 (bicycle)
自(self)
行 (go)
车 (car)
飞机 (airplane)
飞 (fly)
火龙果 (Pitaya)
机 (Machine)
火 (Fire)
龙(dragon)
果 (Fruit)
3. Example of free & bound morpheme.
Free morpheme － This morpheme can use by itself because it has the specific
meaning that not has to have the supporter. And people understand this by
themselves.
- 人 (people)
- 水 (water)
- 牛 (cow)
Bound morpheme – This morpheme can’t use by itself because it has to have the
supporter， for specific meaning.
- 子 (child) ex: 电子(electronic), 孩子(children), 王子(prince)
- 家 (home) ex: 家庭(family), 国家(country), 专家 (expert)
- 老（old) ex: 老人 (old people), 老鹰(eagle)
4. How to use 不 explain
Use 不 before noun, adjective or adverb to express negative feeling or answer. Or
use 不 alone to say no.
6. Give some Morphemes
- 手 （Shǒu）Hands
- 东西 （Dōngxī）Stuff
- 吉他 (Jítā) Guitar
1) What are 3 examples of idioms in your language?
－乱七八糟 (luàn qī bā zāo) : means that something is a total mess
－一见钟情(yí jiàn zhōng qíng) : means “love at first sight.”
－一无所有 (yì wú suǒ yǒu) : means to have absolutely nothing at all.
http://www.fluentu.com/chinese/blog/2013/12/26/chinese-idioms-chengyu/
2) How old is your language?
- Mandarin has served as a national language since 14th century
3) What other languages are similar to your language (and how)?
Japanese and Korean
Because Japanese and Korean languages use the same Chinese word with the
same meaning but the pronunciation is different.
4) Where do loanwords in your language come from?
Loanwords of Chinese are from English language.
5) What are 3 examples of loanwords in your language?
- 吉他 (Jítā) ： Guitar
- 百事 (Bǎishì) : Pepsi
- 乒乓 (Pīngpāng) : Pingpong
English
Translation
English original word order
He runs quickly
Tā gǎnjǐn pǎo
He quickly ran
I buy chair
Wǒ mǎi de yǐzi
I bought the chair
I buy chocolate
Wǒ mǎi qiǎokèlì
I bought chocolate
The girl with beautiful
flower
Yǔ měilì de huā, nǚ With beautiful flowers, girl
hái
The beautiful girl goes to
shopping with her mom
Měilì de gūniáng qù
Beautiful girl to go shopping
with her mom
gòuwù yǔ tā de mām
ā
The beautiful girl goes to
dinner with her mom
The girl with sportscar
died
Měilì de nǚhái qù chī Beautiful girl to dinner, her
mother
fàn, tā de māmā
Yǔ chāojí pǎochē nǚ Supercar girl with death
hái sǐwáng
The Phrase Structure Rule of Mandarin, They have some different between verb
and adjective that they switch with each other. We can compare with number one
on the chart that “He runs quickly”, in Chinese is “He quickly ran”, so quickly and
run are switch. But the meaning is not change.
PSR rules
NP = PP+N
N = det+N
PP = P+NP
VP = V
VP = adv+V
VP = V+NP
Varieties of Chinese
- Cantonese
- Mandarin Chinese
Chinese has many varieties. Therefore I choose two varieties for compare
the different. Cantonese mostly use in Hong Kong and some province in mainland.
Mandarin mostly uses in Mainland, and Mandarin also uses everywhere around
the world.
Geographic Distribution
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~yu25s/classweb/worldpolitics/Site/Dialects_in_China
.html
- Seven Major Groups of Chinese Dialects
Chinese has seven dialects, which is Mandarin use in all of North and
Southwest area. Wu uses in South area, Yangtze delta, and around Shanghai. Gan
uses in Jiangxi. Xiang uses in Hunan, and also in South. Hakka is wildly scatter to
Taiwan but originally uses in Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Southern Fujian.
Yue uses in Guangdong, Guangxi. The last dialect is Min, it’s uses in Fujian,
coastal areas of South.
Lexical variation of Chinese
http://www.cantoneseclass101.com/cantonese-word-lists/
Cantonese
Mandarin
English
gam1 tin1
Jīntiān
today
ming4 tin1
Míngtiān
tomorrow
zok3 tin1
Zuótiān
yesterday
The lexical of Mandarin and Cantonese are the same letter but the
pronunciation is not the same. For example Cantonese pronounce is ming4 tin1
and Mandarin pronounce is Míng tiān, it’s the same meaning different
pronunciation.
Phonetic and Phonological Variation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_Pinyin
http://www.zein.se/patrick/chinen8p.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin
- Cantonese has 19 initials sound.
- Mandarin has 21 initials sound.
Initial sound is detailed description of consonants. Final sound is detailed
description of vowels and nasal. Cantonese has 19 initials sound. Mandarin has 21
initials sound. Cantonese final has 57 sounds. Mandarin final has 35 sounds.
Morphological Variation (morpheme)
http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/dept/chinese/old_site/aspect/morphemeword.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_grammar#Morphology
－Mandarin require suffix.
－In Cantonese are normally optional.
Mandarin requires suffix but Cantonese is optional. In Cantonese, the
smallest meaningful word element maybe shorter than in Mandarin.
Syntactical Variation (grammar)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_grammar
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_grammar
-They used same arrangement, which is SVO (subject-verb-object).
The syntax of Mandarin and Cantonese are most the same. They just use
different words.