http://www.amersol.edu.pe/class09/_09sschee/7th/science/cell/images/animalcell.gif
Cells
J. Hinson
Human Anatomy and Physiology
JCHS
Introduction
75 trillion cells
in the body
Vary in size,
shape, content,
and function
–Most common
structures:
nucleus and
cytoplasm
http://www.crossroadsinitiativ
e.com/pics/Theology_of_the_B
ody_Christopher_West_DaVinci
.jpg
I. The Cell Membrane
A. Function: maintains “wholeness”;
controls entrance and exit of
substances
1. Semipermeable or selectively
permeable
http://library.thinkquest.org
/C004535/media/cell_mem
brane.gif
I. Cell Membrane
B. Structure
1. lipids and proteins
2. Phospholipid bilayer
a. hydrophilic phosphate heads
b. hydrophobic fatty acid tails
3. oily
a. lipid soluble molecules, but not
water soluble can freely pass
b. embedded cholesterols
I. Cell Membrane
B. Structure
4. Proteins
a. fibrous
http://lhs.lps.org/
staff/sputnam/Bio
logy/U3Cell/mem
brane_1.png
b. carrier
c.glycoproteins
II. Cytoplasm
A. jelly-like fluid
fills the cell
B. Site of
metabolic
activities
http://sciencecity.oupchina.c
om.hk/biology/student/gloss
ary/img/cytoplasm.jpg
http://sun.menloschool.org/~cweaver/cells/c/cytoplasm/jrcytoplasm.jpg
III. Organelles
A. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
1. Structure: membrane-bound
sacs/canals
2. Function:
a. Rough: ribosomes
site of protein
synthesis
b. Smooth:
lipid synthesis
http://www.fairfield.k12.
ct.us/tomlinson/ctomlins
on03/CellProject04/Per2/
2MS/endoplasmic_reticul
um.jpg
http://www.lifesci.susse
x.ac.uk/home/Julian_Th
orpe/tem3.jpg
III. Organelles
B. RIBOSOMES
http://iup
ucbio2.iu
pui.edu/a
natomy/i
mages/Ch
apt02/FG
02_11.jpg
http://www
.rockefeller.
edu/rucal/j
ourney/ribo
somes.gif
1. Structure:
a. May be attached
or free floating
particles
b. made of
proteins and
RNA
2. Function: protein
synthesis
III. Organelles
C. GOLGI APPARATUS
http://www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/toml
inson/ctomlinson03/CellProject04/
Per2/2JD/golgi.jpg
1. Structure: stack of
flattened
membranes
2. Function: package
and refine proteins
3. Transport vesicles
move refined
proteins to other
cell parts
http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/golgiapparatusmicroscope.jpeg
III. Organelles
D. MITOCHONDRIA
http://www.abcbo
dybuilding.com/m
agazine03/mitoch
ondria.jpg
http://cel
lbio.utmb
.edu/cell
bio/mitm
or4.jpg
1. Structure:
fluid-filled
elongated sac
a. Double
membrane
- cristae:
folded layer
2. Function:
ENERGY!!
III. Organelles
E. LYSOSOMES
1. Structure: tiny
membranous
sac
2. Function:
enzymes break
down foreign
molecules and
wastes
http://www.visualsunlimited.com/ima
ges/watermarked/350/350789.jpg
http://www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/tomlinson/ct
omlinson03/CellProject04/Per4/4BRL/lysos
omes.jpg
III. Organelles
F. CENTROSOME
http://w
wwijpb.vers
ailles.inr
a.fr/en/s
gap/equi
pes/cyto
/images/
centroso
me.jpg
1. Structure: near
nucleus, 2
hollow
cylinders form
centrioles
2. Function: role
in cellular
reproduction
III. Organelles
G. VESICLES
1. Structure:
membranous
sac formed by
cell membrane
2. Function:
move
materials
throughout cell
http://ww
wcse.stanfor
d.edu/class
es/sophom
orecollege/pro
jects01/cellular
automata/
beginning/
vesicles.jp
g
http://www.visualsunlimited.com/images/
watermarked/284/284900.jpg
III. Organelles
H. Other cellular structures
http://www.uib.no/med/mic
/gallery/pictures/SEM/SEMlarge/ciliatedepithelium_870.jpg
1. Cilia
a. Structure:
short, hair-like
projections w/
“to and fro”
movements
b. Function:
movement; Ex:
epithelial cells
III. Organelles
H. Other cellular structures
2. Flagella
a. Structure: long,
whiplike
projection w/
wave-like
movements
b. Function:
movement;
Ex: sperm cells
http://im
ages.live
science.c
om/imag
es/05033
0_sperm
_egg_01.
jpg
http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/4
00000/images/_404096_single_sper
m300.jpg
III. Organelles
H. Other cellular structures
3. Microfilaments
a. Structure: tiny protein rods
b. Function: cellular movement
4. Microtubules (spindle fibers)
a. Structure: thick tubes of protein
b. Function: maintain cell structure;
strength to motile processes
These make up the CYTOSKELETON!
CYTOSKELETON
http://www.cdli.ca/~dpower/cell/nucleus.jpg
IV. The Nucleus
1. Structure: large,
spherical; w/in
nuclear envelope
1. porous
2. Nucleolus: dense
area of ribosome
synthesis; ”little
nucleus”
3. Chromatin →
Chromosomes
http://blogofthe.s57.xrea.com/media/1/20040407-nucleus.jpg
V. Cell Cycle
A. Interphase
G1: Growth
S: Synthesis of
DNA
G2: Growth and
mitosis prep
M: Mitosis (nuclear
division)
C: Cytokinesis
(cytoplasm
division)
http://www.isd2184.net/~jensenje/biology/BioReviewWeb/U2Re
viewWeb/mitosisWeb/Images/Cellcyclediagram.jpg
V. Cell Cycle
B. MITOSIS
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telephase
http://www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com/booksellers/press_release/studentscience/gif/mitosis1.gif
PROPHASE
INTERPHASE
MITOSIS
ANAPHASE
METAPHASE
TELOPHASE
V. Cell Cycle
C. CYTOKINESIS
Two identical daughter cells formed.
http://raven.zoology.washington.edu/celldynamics/research/cytokinesis/images/SdTeloAT.jpg
D. DIFFERENTIATION
http://training.seer.cancer.gov/ss_
module08_lymph_leuk/images/illu_
blood_cell_lineage.jpg
http://training.seer.cancer.gov/ss_module08_lymph_leuk/images/illu_blood_cell_lineage.jpg
V. Cellular Movements
A. PASSIVE TRANSPORT
No cellular energy (ATP) required.
1. Diffusion: molecules move from areas
of high concentration to low
(down the concentration gradient)
a. Equilibrium: solute evenly
distributed w/in solvent
b. Ex: exchange of O2/CO2 in the lungs
D
I
F
F
U
S
I
O
N
http://www.indiana.edu/~phys215/lecture/lecnotes/lecgraphics/diffusion2.gif
http://www.physics.umd.edu/lecdem/services/demos/demosi6/i6-23.gif
V. Cellular Movements
A. PASSIVE TRANSPORT
2. Facilitated Diffusion:
carrier protein moves a
glucose
molecule
a. Promoted
by insulin
http://www.biologiait.arizona.edu/cell_bio/problem_sets/
membranes/graphics/CHANNEL.GIF
V. Cellular Movements
A. PASSIVE TRANSPORT
3. Osmosis
a. Diffusion of
water
b. Controlled by
osmotic
pressure
c. Three types of
solutions
(3)
(2)
http://biology.unm.edu/c
council/Biology_124/Ima
ges/tonicity1.jpeg
(1)
OSMOSIS
V. Cellular Movements
A. PASSIVE TRANSPORT
4. Filtration
a. Hydrostatic pressure, like blood
pressure, forces molecules
through membrane
b. Separate solids from water
V. Cellular Movements
B. ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Cellular energy (ATP) required.
1. Active Transport: molecules move
from areas of low concentration to
high
(against the concentration gradient)
a. Provides ~ 40% of cells energy
b. Protein carrier molecules are used.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
http://www.biol
ogie.unihamburg.de/bonline/library/bi
ology107/bi107
vc/fa99/terry/i
mages/ATPpum
A.gif
V. Cellular Movements
B. ACTIVE TRANSPORT
2. Endocytosis: entry of molecules
too large to be moved by AT/PT.
a. Pinocytosis: membrane pinches
inward to take in liquid
b. Phagocytosis: membrane
pinches inward to take in solid
3. Exocytosis: outward bulge of
membrane for large molecule exit
Endocytosis vs.
http://www.stanford.edu/group/Urchin/GIFS/exocyt.gif
Exocytosis
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/eustruct/images/pinocyt.gif