COPENHAGEN
WASTE MANAGEMENT
www.kk.dk
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CITY OF COPENHAGEN
The Danish Model of Waste Management (1)
Ministry of Environment and Energy
National Environmental Protection
Agency
• Environmental Protection Act
• Statutory Order on Waste
• General objectives and Guidelines
Regions (5)
•Approval of Treatment Facilities
•Physical Planning
2
COPENHAGEN WASTE MANAGEMENT
Municipalities (99)
• Waste Planning
• Waste Regulations
• Enforcement
JUNE 2006
The Danish Model of Waste Management (2)
Environmental Protection Act
• Use of cleaner technologies
• Municipalities are in charge of all waste
– duty to set up regulations
– duty to prepare a waste management plan
• The Minister for the Environment can decide to set up
municipal partnerships and oblige municipalities to
join these
• New landfills can only be owned by public authorities
3
COPENHAGEN WASTE MANAGEMENT
JUNE 2006
The Danish Model of Waste Management (3)
Municipal obligations, Statutory Order on Waste
• Waste Planning
– mapping of quantities (1 year)
– detailed action plan (4 years)
– long term prognosis (12 years)
• Waste Regulation
– set up regulations for waste sorting, handling etc.
– inspection
• Assignment of a form of handling for all waste produced
locally
– waste producers must use the assigned form of handling
4
COPENHAGEN WASTE MANAGEMENT
JUNE 2006
NATIONAL REGULATION

Waste tax
 Recycling
0 DKK/ton
 Incineration
330 DKK/ton (44 EURO)
 Landfill
375 DKK/ton (50 EURO)
 On top of this tax comes the treatment fee


Ban on landfill of combustible waste
Phase out private landfill owners
5
COPENHAGEN WASTE MANAGEMENT
JUNE 2006
City of Copenhagen, Key Figures 2004
89.8 km2
Inhabitants:
501.664
– average household 1,8 person
Households:
272.618
– of which approximately 21,000 are single family
houses
Enterprises:
23.900
Workplaces:
360.000
• Area:
•
•
•
•
6
COPENHAGEN WASTE MANAGEMENT
JUNE 2006
FROM LANDFILL TO RECYCLING
1200
x 1000 t
1000
800
Recycling
600
Incineration
Landfill
400
200
0
1988 1992 1994 1999 2004
7
COPENHAGEN WASTE MANAGEMENT
JUNE 2006
IN MY BACK YARD…
Distance from
 City Hall (pink)
8
COPENHAGEN WASTE MANAGEMENT

4 km E: Incineration plant

5 km S:

Composting plant

C & D waste recycling

Contamin. soil landfill

10 km SW: Controlled landfill

10 km W: Incineration plant
JUNE 2006
FACTORS

Municipal waste planning and regulation

Waste treatment facilities – inter-municipal partnerships

Open and transparent decision making process

High environmental standard

National waste tax
9
COPENHAGEN WASTE MANAGEMENT
JUNE 2006
MUNICIPAL REGULATION
Municipal responsibility for all waste
 Household – commercial – industrial – hazardous - demolition
Waste separation at source
 A precondition for quality recycling
Household waste collected by the non-profit, concessionary company

R98
10
COPENHAGEN WASTE MANAGEMENT
JUNE 2006
COMMERCIAL WASTE RULES




11
Criteria for transport and treatment
360 waste carriers and 75 waste receivers
The polluter pays
Market based competition on price and quality
COPENHAGEN WASTE MANAGEMENT
JUNE 2006
SEPARATION AT SOURCE
BASIC TREATMENT
 Combustible waste
 Non-combustible waste
 Contaminated soil
 Hazardous waste
 Infectious waste
 Perishable waste
 Asbestos
12
COPENHAGEN WASTE MANAGEMENT
RECYCLING
 Cardboard & paper
 Construction & demolition waste
 Food waste
 Garden & park waste
 Glass & bottles
 Iron & metal
 PE plastics
 Recyclable PVC plastics
 Recyclable hazardous waste
 Sandblasting agents
 Waste of electronic equipment
 Refrigerators
JUNE 2006
Limits for Separation at Source
Types of waste, which should be separated at source, if the amounts exceed the
following limits:
Garden and park
Bottles and glass
Cardboard
Paper
Sheet glass
PE-plastics
PVC-plastics
Preserved wood
Debris of concrete, tiles
and asphalt
Food
2 m3 per month
50 kg or 150 bottles per month
No lower limit
No lower limit
No lower limit
25 kg or 1m3 per month
10 kg per building project
10 kg per building project
1 tonne per building project
100 kg per week separated
Amounts under the limits should be separated in waste suitable for incineration and
waste not suitable for incineration.
13
COPENHAGEN WASTE MANAGEMENT
JUNE 2006
Duties of Commercial Waste Management
Waste Producers must

separate at source

use designated schemes

keep records of waste types, amounts and handling

report C & D activities to municipality

report hazardous waste to municipality
Waste carriers must

control separation and labelling

deliver to assigned treatment plants

report type, amount, producer and receiver of waste
Waste receiving enterprises must

control separation and labelling

treat waste as agreed

report type, amount and carrier of waste
14
COPENHAGEN WASTE MANAGEMENT
JUNE 2006
Treatment Plants, Municipal Partnerships
Incineration: Amagerforbrænding (1970)
- Capacity: 400,000 t/year
- Energy Production: 2,844,000 GJ/year (heat 75%, elec. 25%)
- Partners: Copenhagen and 4 other municipalities
•Incineration: Vestforbrænding (1970)
- Capacity: 500,000 t/year
- Energy Production: 4,200,000 GJ/year (heat 90%, elec. 10%)
- Partners: Copenhagen and 20 other municipalities
•Landfill: AV miljø (1989)
- Capacity: 2 mill. m³
- Partners: Amagerforbrænding and Vestforbrænding
15
COPENHAGEN WASTE MANAGEMENT
JUNE 2006
Treatment Plants, Municipal Partnerships
•Hazardous Waste: Greater Copenhagen Receiving Station
(1972) - Capacity: 10,000 t/year
- Partners: Copenhagen and Fr.berg Municipalities (potentially 18 more
municipalities)
•Hazardous Waste: Kommunekemi Ldt. (1972)
- Capacity: 110,000 t/year
- Partners: Copenhagen and 274 municipalities
Recycling: Copenhagen Recycling Centre, KMC (1996)
- Recycling of construction + demolition waste
- Compost of garden + park waste
- Biological treatment of contaminated soil
- Landfilling of contaminated soil
- Future landfill, 2,5 mill. m³
16
COPENHAGEN WASTE MANAGEMENT
JUNE 2006
Tasks
Copenhagen EPA:
Waste Management Plan
Local legislation
Inspection
Handling complaints
Developing WM system
Incineration plants:
Incinerating received waste
Producing heat and electricity
Operating recycling stations
Developing WM system
Waste collection company:
Collecting and transporting waste
Supplying containers, bins etc.
Handling complaints
Developing WM system
Landfill:
Landfilling received waste
Developing WM system
17
COPENHAGEN WASTE MANAGEMENT
JUNE 2006
FINANCING 2006
Municipal waste collection fee:
413 mill. DKK
(54 mill. EURO)
Contribution to inter-municipal
partnerships:
52 mill. DKK
(68 mill. EURO)
Waste fee:
21 mill. DKK
(2,8 mill. EURO)
18
COPENHAGEN WASTE MANAGEMENT
JUNE 2006
OPEN PLANNING PROCESS
Planning process of Copenhagen Recycling Center

Regional planning procedure

Local planning procedure

Nature conservation procedure

Environmental permit procedure for each treatment plant

Public hearing processes
Adopted view-points of interested parties
Restoration funded by recycling activities
19
COPENHAGEN WASTE MANAGEMENT


JUNE 2006
RECYCLING CENTER
Future landfill turned into Recycling
Center:
Recycling of construction & demolition
waste
Compost of garden & park waste
Biological treatment of contaminated
soil
Landfill of contaminated soil
Future landfill
20
COPENHAGEN WASTE MANAGEMENT
JUNE 2006
WASTE TO ENERGY
DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEM
 Copenhagen metropolitan region
 More than 100 km double pipes
COMBINED HEAT & POWER
 Amagerforbrænding (2002)
Electricity 168 000 MWh
Heat 799 000 MWh
Total energy prod. 2.28 MWh/t

21
COPENHAGEN WASTE MANAGEMENT
Vestforbrænding (2002)
Electricity 108 000 MWh
Heat 1 118 000 MWh
Total energy prod. 2.52 MWh/t
JUNE 2006
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
FLUE GAS AMAGERFORBRÆNDING
14 OCT 2004, 9:38 am
100
80
60
40
20
0
HCl
SO2
Particles
% of threshold value for 30 minutes
22
COPENHAGEN WASTE MANAGEMENT
NOX
CO
% of threshold value for 24 hours
JUNE 2006
Waste Plan 2008 Objectives
23

Reduce waste and reduce contents of hazardous
components in the waste

Make better use of the resources in the waste and
reduce waste to incineration and landfill

Environmental value for money

A waste management system that matches the town

A waste management system that makes sense and
is familiar
COPENHAGEN WASTE MANAGEMENT
JUNE 2006
Waste Treatment by Source 2002
%
90
80
70
60
50
Recycling
Incineration
Landfilling
40
30
20
10
0
HouseholdCommercial
24
COPENHAGEN WASTE MANAGEMENT
C&D
Total
JUNE 2006