The Ubiquitous Internet
State of the Internet & Challenges Ahead
Olivier Martin (ex-CERN)
Olivier.Martin@ictconsulting.ch
Outline
 State of the Internet
 Commercial versus Research & Education Internet
 Problems ahead
 Various initiatives
Tentative conclusions
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
Global Crossing’s converged IP network
architecture – one network, any service
VoIP Services
• VoIP On-Net Plus
• VoIP Ready-Access
• VoIP Outbound
• VoIP Local Services
• VoIP Toll Free
• VoIP Community
Peering
• VoIP Integrity Service
• Managed VoIP
Access Methods
ATM, Frame Relay,
PL, DSL, Ethernet,
SONET, SDH
True multicast capabilities
Enterprise
RIP2, BGP, Static
OSPF & GRE Tunnels
IP PBX
Global
MPLS
2547bis
Network
On-Net Call
IP
iMPLS
Option
A, B, C
PSTN
GSX
IP VPN
Off-Net Call
IPVPN/ DIA
IPv4 & IPv6
Session
Border
Controller
VoIP
Hybrid TDM / IP
Audio Conferencing
SIP IP Phones
• eMLPPP
• CRTP
• Packet
Interleaving
IP Gateway
Managed Security Services
Internet
Managed Solutions
Customer Portal
• Visibility & Control



DSL
Dialup
Wi Fi
• Mobile IP Connect
• Remote VPN Access
Fully Managed DIA &
Security Services
• Professional Services
• Fully Managed IP VPN
• Managed Network Services
• Managed Security
• Application Performance
Management
• IP Video
• Video Endpoint
Management
• Ready-Access
Video®
(141 mill./year )
Total 1,114
326 mill. new users/year
http://www.internetworldstats.com/images/users.gif
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4
GÉANT2
Connect. Communicate. Collaborate
• 7th generation of pan-European research network
infrastructure
• Project partners: 30 NRENs and over 3500 research and
education establishments
• Funded jointly by NRENs and European Commission
• Project timescale September 2004 - August 2008
– Extension to Q2 2009
– Four year project, GEANT3 planned from Q3 2009 to
Q2 2013
GÉANT2
Connect. Communicate. Collaborate
• 25 POPs
• 11600 km of fibre + 140 ILA sites
• 50+ x (own) 10G lambdas
• Additional leased 10 and 2.5 Gbps
circuits
• Router tender underway
• NREN accesses at up to 10Gbps
(+ backup) + P2P
• connections to other R&E
networks: Abilene, ESnet,
CA*net4, SINET, TENET,
RedCLARA, EUMEDCONNECT,
TEIN2
GEANT2 operational services
Connect. Communicate. Collaborate
• Basic IP access via the GEANT2 router
• ‘GEANT+’ service: a point to point (P2P)
service typically of GE paths within a 10 GE
access
• Managed wavelength service: P2P service of
full rate 10 Gb wavelength
Wavelength growth across GEANT2 since July 06
Connect. Communicate. Collaborate
12
Overall increase of ~50%
From 59 to 88 10 Gb wavelength spans
10
8
Jul-06
Apr-07
6
4
2
-F
FR R
-U
DE K
-N
DE L
-C
H
CH
-IT
AT
-I
AT T
-S
CZ K
-S
CZ K
-D
DE E
-D
DK K
-N
CH L
-E
ES S
-F
R
AT
-S
HR I
-S
HR I
-H
HU U
-S
CZ K
-P
PL L
-D
NL E
-B
BE E
-U
NL K
-U
K
0
CH
numbers of 10 Gb
wavelengths per span
14
network spans
GÉANT2 P2P Circuit Orders
–by Project
• LHC:
–3 x GE
– 9 x 10Gbps
• DEISA
–5 x 10Gbps
• Phosphorus
–4 x GE
• EXPReS (eVLBI)
–4 x GE
Connect. Communicate. Collaborate
DEISA
Phosphorus
LHC
EXPReS
Other
–N.B.(O.Martin): Distribution by
number of circuits not by
aggregate bandwidth
GÉANT3 (from 2009)
•
•
•
•
Connect. Communicate. Collaborate
Planning has started!
Building on conclusions of EARNEST foresight study
Exploit and extend dark fibre investment
Focus on improving performance for users:
– further service development
– Inter-regional co-operation
Main Issues


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

IPv4 address space exhaustion
Lack of significant IPv6 rollout
Routing stability (multi-homing)
DNS (designed to reference hosts NOT objects)
Security
Spamming
Phishing
 (fraudulent activities, e.g. stealing credit card numbers, passwords)








DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service Attacks)
Last Mile Broadband access technologies
Mobility
Mobile Wireless
Sensor Networks (RFIDs, embedded, etc)
PAN (Personal Area Networks), VAN (Vehicle Area Networks), etc
40G Deployment & 40GE/100GE (cf. ADVA slides)
BoD (Bandwidth on Demand):
 Somewhat overdue emphasis on ultra fast provisioning of circuits as it is far
from clear which community needs it in practice today?
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
New Initiatives & Projects

NSF’s GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations)
 Testbed

NSF’s FIND (Future Internet Design) Projects
 Clean-slate versus evolutionary approach

FIND is part of the NeTS Program solicitation which also includes:
 Programmable Wireless Networks (ProWin)
 Networks of Sensor Systems (NOSS)
 Networking Broadly Defined (NBD)


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Stanford’s “Clean-Slate” project
MIT’s Communications Futures Testbed (CFT)
EU’s New Paradigms and Experimental Facilities (FP7)
GEANT3
Internet2/NLR merger
NSF/OECD workshop
World Summit on Information Society (WSIS) follow-up
 Internet Governance Forum (IGF)
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
IPv6 Dead or Alive?
Motivation to migrate to IPv6?
• Latest predictions for IPv4 Address space saturation
• Exhaustion of IANA unallocated pool: Mar 2010 *
• …but if unadvertised address pool is utilised: Jan 2018 *
No demand from the end user
• Users see services and applications
• No Killer App/Service that can only be provided by v6
NAT now seen by many sysadmin as a useful tool
• Security tool
• More freedom with addressing
* Geoff Huston’s IPv4 Address Report: http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4
IPv6 Dead or Alive?
Technologies that could rapidly affect the uptake of IPv6
exist:
• Mobile Phones – If every handset has a static IP
• Mobile Networks
• Vehicular Networks
• Personal Mobile Routers
Unknown technologies may appear
• TCP Stack per core concept
• ??
IPv6 Dead or Alive?
Conflicting Interests: Equipment Vendors vs. ISPs
• Vendors:
• IPv6 is supported in most mainstream networking equipment,
Operating Systems and a vast array of applications.
• Vendors want a return on that investment
• Additional revenue available from retraining, etc
• ISPs
• ISPs would bear the brunt of the changeover costs (training,
equipment upgrades, teething problems).
• Simple demand and supply: Static IP sales
Finally…
“The GreatIPv6 Experiment” maybe an interesting
benchmark of IPv6 in the current Internet
• www.ipv6experiment.com
Simple Concept:
• Offer users a high demand service that can only be accessed
over IPv6 – For free!
• Then monitor usage, diagnose large scale problems and
generally assess the feasibility of using IPv6 today.
• Which high demand service have they opted for?
• Adult Entertainment 
Introduction
• IPv4 & IPv6 Autonomous Systems, March/2007
Autonomous Systems
700
IPv6
24800
IPv4
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
• ~24100 Networks with their own routing policy
don’t seem to be doing IPv6 (97,18%)
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Myths about IPv6 Deployment
• Is Asia really ahead???
Distribution of IPv6 allocations by size
Distribution of IPv6 allocations by number
AFRINIC
AFRINIC
APNIC
APNIC
RIPE NCC
ARIN
LACNIC
RIPE NCC
ARIN
LACNIC
– YES for products
– NO for network deployment
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Myths about IPv6 Deployment
• There are no networks using IPv6
– Chicken and Egg problem solved
– Some networks in place
– Mostly Academic
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Global Addressing System
• Asian countries have problems getting v4 space
– Untrue, against current way of getting address space
IANA
RIR
Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority
RIR
NIR
LIR/ISP
EU(ISP)
LIR/ISP
EU
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EU
Regional
Internet Registry
National Internet
Registry
Local Internet Registry /
Internet Service Provider
End User
21
IPv4 Exhaustion
• www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4
• 46/8 returned to the pool & AFRINIC was reallocated
196/8, which has an impact on its next request to IANA
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Current Operational Problems
• IPv4 Internet’s Core & IPv6 Internet’s Core
Autonomous Systems
• Coherent with...
700
IPv6
24800
IPv4
0
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5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
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( Michael Walfish MIT )
Hostname/pathname
structure and DNS resolution
http://www.myhost.edu/doc/pub1.ps
SFR Semantic Free Referencing
SFRtag/pathname structure and DHT resolution
sfr://fbcd1234/doc/pub1.ps
O-record of Metadata
SFRtag: 160 bit string, IP address, port, …
Contact to traditional web servers:
SFR infrastructure strips first part and makes DHT resolution,
It replaces the first part (host id) with IP and the rest is same as previous case
More flexibility:
14/09/2007
pathname part of the SFRtag,
multiple destinations
24
PASTRY (DHT)
Hash Table
Set of RNodes, each RNode keeps range of addresses for nodes
Each new node is logically located into this range
Lookup is based on the nearest neighbour
RNode
$key=“dabcf2”
$ip = $address {$key}
key
index
1faab1
65a1fc
dabcf0
dabcf1
dabcf2
1
2
0
RNode
ip
d471f1
key
c2d0
148.33.244.1
121
This example cover
224 -1
= 16 mil. objects
d46a1c
128.128.22.11
990
192.161.1.12
991
192.161.1.12
992 192.12.12.121
If in local range
..67c5 to ..71f1
Not forwarding !
d467c4
d462ba
Range of local keys
(c2d1 – 32aaff)
d4213f
RNode
32ab00
Forwarding to d4xxxx
Lookup (d46a1c)
Forwarding to dxxxxx
d13da3
RNode
RNode
from RN with KEY:
65a1fc
In Pastry max key=ffff ffff ffff ffff
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25
GENI (Global Environment for Network
Innovations)
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
Terminology
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
Three Obvious Statements
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
Changing Context and Expectations
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Environmemt
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New Internet Users
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Internet Paradigm change
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
New Connectivity Paradigm
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
Addressing the new Internet user
requirements
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
Clean-Slate approach
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
Improving network availability
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
Generalized Use of Self-Certyfying Names
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
Improved Name Resolution to relief load on
the Internet Domain Name System (DNS)
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
New Management Paradigm
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
Congestion Control
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
New Routing Paradigm
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
New Application Program Interface (API)
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
More….
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
GENI Design Principles
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NOKIA’s Proposal: Living the Future in the
MIT’s Communications Future Testbed
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
Web2.0
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
Net2.0
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
Content Scope
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
FP6 projects
•
MUPBED creates an experimental environment to assess the proposed network solutions, and that will be offered
as an open test platform to other European research projects and users. The test bed will represent a multi-layer
network based on IP/MPLS and ASON/GMPLS technologies, equipped with a unified control plane and designed
to support the highly demanding applications of the European research community.
•
•
MUSE creates an experimental environment for low cost multi-service access network. (internet to homes)
NETQoS - project proposes an autonomous policy-based management for wired/wireless heterogeneous
communications networks aimed to provide enhanced end-to-end QoS and efficient resource utilization.
•
OneLab will extend the highly successful and widely used PlanetLab infrastructure by enabling deployment of
PlanetLab nodes in new wireless environments.
•
PANLAB – This will serve as a Technology Roadmap and as a Strategic Development Guideline for
European and global telecommunications.
•
Phosphorus - High capacity optical networking can satisfy bandwidth and latency requirements, but software
tools and frameworks for end-to-end, on-demand provisioning of network services need to be developed in
coordination with other resources (CPU and storage) and need to span multiple administrative and network
technology domains.
•
WEIRD is integrated project aiming at implementing research test-beds using the WiMAX technology in order to
allow isolated or impervious areas to get connection to the GEANT2 research network.
•
WWI Ambient Networks project will create the network solutions for mobile and wireless systems beyond 3G. It
will enable scalable and affordable wireless networking while providing rich and easy to use communication
services for all. Ambient Networks offers a fundamentally new vision based on the dynamic composition of
networks to avoid adding to the growing patchwork of extensions to existing architectures.
14/09/2007
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NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
Pros & Cons: 40GbE vs. 100GbE
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
Technology Roadmap
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
Tentative conclusions
The Internet has ossified
A clean-slate re-implementation is more than unlikely in the short
to medim term (i.e. 3-5 years)
 however some new ideas will find their way into the current Internet
IPv6 looks unavoidable in some sense if one adopts the
conventional view that ALL Internet connected devices MUST be
accessible, BUT
 Is this really desirable and even sound?
 NAT like solution, even so considered as “kludges”, are therefore very likely
to flourish
 This process should culminate with the standardization by the IETF of NATs
Programmable routers, or some form of quick reconfiguration,
should become available
 Active network technology unlikely
Last Mile, affordable, Broadband access, including Campus
networks will remain very challenging and fast evolving
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)
Acknowledgments & Pointers to
Presentations
NSF/OECD workshop
Clean-Slate programs (Stanford, MIT, NSF)
Terena 2007 Conference
Internet2
ADVA
GLOBAL CROSSING
Scott Shenker (LBL)
Cees de Laat (University of Amsterdam)
Bill St Arnaud (Canarie)
Geoff Huston
Jiri Navratil (CESNET)
Klaus Grobe, Michael Eiselt (ADVA)
Dick Trossen (NOKIA)
Guy Clark (Global Crossing)
NEC’2007 VARNA (Bulgaria)