Membrane
Transport
Enzymes
and
Energy
100
100
100
100
100
200
200
200
200
200
300
300
300
300
300
400
400
400
400
400
500
500
500
500
500
Cellular
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Lipids
& Carbs
Membrane Transport
100
Q: Which kinds of molecules can easily cross the cell
membrane?
A. Water
B. Carbohydrates
C. Lipids
D. Proteins
A: D. Lipids
Only molecules that are hydrophobic
(nonpolar) can easily cross the membrane!
Membrane Transport
200
Q: What is the difference between active and passive
transport?
A: Active transport requires an addition of
energy, while passive transport occurs
spontaneously due to diffusion
Membrane Transport
300
Q: What will happen to a plant cell placed in a
hypertonic solution?
A: It will plasmolyze! The cell
membrane will detach from the cell
wall as water leaves the cell, and the
plant will wilt and may die.
Membrane Transport
400
Q: What are the two major types of pumps used in
active transport?
A: Sodium-potassium pump (in animals)
and proton pump (in plants, fungi and
bacteria)
Membrane Transport
500
Q: What is the major difference between pinocytosis
and receptor-mediated endocytosis?
A: Receptor-mediated endocytosis
requires a ligand to attach to a receptor, so
the cell can be selective about which
molecules it allows inside.
Enzymes and Energy
100
Q: Define energy.
A: The capacity to cause change
Enzymes and Energy
200
Q: What does the second law of thermodynamics say?
A: Every energy transfer or transformation
increases the entropy (disorder) of the
universe.
Enzymes and Energy
300
Q: What reaction does ATP undergo to release free
energy that powers cellular reactions?
A: ATP + H2O→ ADP + Pi + energy
Enzymes and Energy
400
Q: In a spontaneous change, what happens to free
energy, stability, and work capacity of the reactants as
they change into products?
A: Free energy decreases
Stability increases
Work capacity decreases
Enzymes and Energy
500
Q: ΔG for reaction 1 is 10.3 kcal/mol
ΔG for reaction 2 is -8.2 kcal/mol
ΔG for reaction 3 is -5.5 kcal/mol
If all three reactions are combined, is the total
endergonic or exergonic?
A: Exergonic. 10.3 + -8.2 + -5.5 = -3.4 kcal/mol
Cellular Respiration
100
Q: What two types of electron carriers are used in
cellular respiration?
A: NAD+ and FAD
Cellular Respiration
200
Q: Name the three stages of cellular respiration, in
order.
A: Glycolysis, Krebs (Citric Acid) cycle,
Electron Transport Chain
Cellular Respiration
300
Q: How many ATP are produced from glycolysis? The
in-between step? The citric acid cycle?
A: Glycolysis = 2 (net)
In between= 0
Citric acid cycle = 2
Cellular Respiration
400
Q: What 3 products are made at the end of alcohol
fermentation?
A: Alcohol, CO2, and NAD+
Cellular Respiration
500
Q: Explain how oxidative phosphorylation makes
ATP. Start from where NADH and FADH2 drop off
their electrons at the first protein in the transport
chain.
A: As electrons move from protein to protein, they release a bit of energy
each time, then are added to O2, forming water. The energy is used to
pump H+ into the intermembrane space. H+ flows back through the
membrane by turning ATP synthase. Energy from the spinning ATP
synthase turbine is used to put ADP + Pi together, forming ATP.
Photosynthesis
100
Q: What are the three main types of pigments in
plants?
A: Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids
Photosynthesis
200
Q: Name these parts of the chloroplast:
A=
B=
B
C=
A
C
A: A = stroma, B=thylakoid space, C=granum
Photosynthesis
300
Q: Why are green plants green? What wavelengths of
light are best for photosynthesis?
A: Green plants reflect green light and absorb
other colors. Blue, Violet, and Red wavelengths
are best for photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis
400
Q: Where do the following take place:
A. The light reactions
B. The Calvin Cycle
C. H+ ions build up in high concentrations here
D. ATP is formed here
A: A = thylakoid membrane, B = stroma,
C = thylakoid space, D = stroma
Fig. 10-17
STROMA
(low H+ concentration)
Cytochrome
Photosystem I
complex
Light
Photosystem II
4 H+
Light
Fd
NADP+
reductase
H2O
THYLAKOID SPACE
(high H+ concentration)
1
e–
Pc
2
1/
2
NADP+ + H+
NADPH
Pq
e–
3
O2
+2 H+
4 H+
To
Calvin
Cycle
Thylakoid
membrane
STROMA
(low H+ concentration)
ATP
synthase
ADP
+
Pi
ATP
H+
Photosynthesis
500
Q: Briefly describe what
happens in the light reactions.
A: Light excites chlorophyll molecules in Photosystem II, which
transfer energy to each other and eventually to P680 in the reaction
center complex, which loses electrons, then splits water and takes
electrons from hydrogen. The lost electrons travel down an electron
transport chain to Photosystem I, forming ATP in the process, and are
added to P700, which has just lost electrons through the same process.
P700’s lost electrons travel down another electron transport chain,
eventually reacting with NADP+ to form NADPH.
Lipids & Carbs
100
Q: What type of molecule is this, and where
in the cell would you find it?
A: Phospholipid, in membranes
Lipids & Carbs
200
Q: What do you call the monomers that make up
carbohydrates?
A: Monosaccharides
Lipids & Carbs
300
Q: What kind of molecule is this?
a. Saturated fatty acid
b. Cis unsaturated fatty acid
c. Trans unsaturated fatty acid
d. Saturated fat
A: Trans unsaturated fatty acid
Lipids & Carbs
400
Q: Name 3 types of biologically important lipids.
A: Fats (triglycerides), phospholipids
and steroids
Lipids & Carbs
500
Q: Polysaccharides are used for storage and structure.
Name a polysaccharide that does each of the
following:
a. storage form of sugar in plants
b. storage form of sugar in animals
c. supportive polysaccharide in plant cell walls
A: starch, glycogen, cellulose