Chapter 1
Introduction to Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Learning Targets
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By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
Explain the difference between anatomy & physiology.
List characteristics that all animals share.
List the requirements of animals.
Name the 11 systems of the body.
Explain the functions of each of the 11 systems of the body.
Anatomy and Physiolog
• Anatomy -- deals with the structure of the body
and its parts
• Physiology -- studies the functions (jobs)of these
parts
• A & P are closely related because structure is
related to function.
• More common to discover new information about
physiology, but anatomical discoveries are being made
as well
Example (from July, 2008):
A hundred years ago, the spleen (located in the upper quadrant of the
abdomen) was thought to be only reservoir for blood. It has only been
in recent years that scientists discovered that the spleen is a
manufacturing plant for immune cells, and a site where immune cells
and nerves interact. The spleen defends the body against infection,
particularly encapsulated bacteria that circulate through the blood.
In a major step in understanding how the nervous system and the
immune system interact, scientists at The Feinstein Institute for
Medical Research have identified a new anatomical path through
which the brain and the spleen communicate.
• Characteristics of animal life include: (click for video)
(all animals have all of these in common)
1.
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8.
Movement – self-initiated change in position, motion of internal
parts
Response to stimuli
Growth
Respiration– oxygen in, carbon dioxide out
Digestion
Absorption– nutrients taken into bloodstream
Circulation– movement of substances in bodily fluids
Assimilation– changing absorbed substances into chemically
different forms
9.
Excretion – removal of wastes
10. Reproduction
**To remember this list, image yourself doing these things….
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Mental Mapping
I ride my bike Subway (movement).
I stop at the traffic light (response)
My body is growing (growth)
I am breathing air (respiration)
I get a footlong BMT and 3 cookies and eat it all(digestion).
The protein from my sandwich is absorbed into my body (absorption)
The nutrients from the sandwich circulate in my body (circulation)
The proteins and other nutrients are changed to things my body needs
(assimilation)
• Eventually, I go to the bathroom (excretion)
• Someday I may reproduce  (reproduction)
• The total of all the chemical reactions that are continuously
at work to maintain these characteristics is referred to as
metabolism.
–Fast metabolism—these people use the energy in food
(measured in calories) more quickly than others
–Slow metabolism—these people use the energy in food
more slowly
Requirements of Organisms:
• Life depends on the availability of the following:
a. Water
b. Food
c. Oxygen
d. Heat (a by-product of metabolism; its presence
governs the rate at which reactions occur)
e. Pressure (force required to facilitate movement of
air or fluids)
• Levels of Organization:
• Organization of the Human Body
• Major features of the human body include its
cavities, membranes, and organ systems.
• Body Cavities:
• The body can be divided into an appendicular portion (upper and
lower limbs) and an axial portion (head, neck, and trunk), which
includes a dorsal and a ventral cavity. Organs within these
cavities are called viscera.
Label Body Cavities
Organ Systems of the Body
1. Integumentary system--skin, hair, nails, and
various glands
• covers the body, senses changes outside the
body, and helps regulate body temperature.
2. Skeletal system -bones & ligaments.
• It supports, protects,
provides frameworks,
stores inorganic salts,
and houses bloodforming tissues.
3. Muscular system –
consists of muscles
• provides body
movement,
posture, and is the
main source of
body heat.
4. Nervous system -- brain,
spinal cord, nerves, and sense
organs.
• It integrates incoming
information from
receptors and sends
impulses to muscles and
glands.
5. Endocrine system –
includes all of the
glands that secrete
hormones
• helps to
integrate
metabolic
functions
6. Cardiovascular system - heart and blood
vessels
• distributes
oxygen and
nutrients
throughout the
body while
removing wastes
from the cells.
7. Lymphatic system -lymphatic vessels, lymph
nodes, thymus, and spleen
•drains excess tissue
fluid and includes
cells of immunity
8. Digestive system -mouth, esophagus,
stomach, intestines, and
accessory organs.
• Receives, breaks
down, and absorbs
nutrients.
9. Respiratory system –
lungs & passageways
• exchanges gases
between the blood
and air
10. Urinary system - kidneys, ureters,
bladder, and
urethra,
– removes
wastes from
the blood and
helps to
maintain water
and electrolyte
balance.
11.
Reproductive system – male
repro. system consists of testes,
accessory organs, and vessels that
conduct sperm to penis
--female repro. system consists of
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus,
vagina, and external genitalia.
• Function in creation of new
life
“Anatomical Position”
• Standing erect
• Facing forward with legs slightly apart
• Palms up
You do not need to write the info from
this slide down in your notes….you have
flashcards of these terms
• Anatomical Terminology
• Relative Positions:
1. Terms of relative position are used to describe the location of a
part relative to another part.
2. Terms of relative position include: superior, inferior, anterior,
posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superficial (peripheral), and
deep.
You do not need to write the info on
this slide down in your notes….you have
flashcards of these terms
• Body Sections:
1. A sagittal section divides the body into right and left
portions.
2. A transverse section divides the body into superior and
inferior portions. It is often called a “cross section”.
3. A coronal section divides the body into anterior and
posterior sections.