Human Physiology and
Anatomy
Chap 1
Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy = Structure (form)
• Physiology = Function "All specific
functions are performed by specific
structures!"
Course expectations
Skills other than content:
• Note taking
• Using other resources
•
Study disc
•
Quest in book
•
Websites
•
Color pgs- use of colors to help remember
•
Vocab/ flashcards- word dissections
•
Text Lab book
• Diagramming
• Study partners
• Researching new info
Textbook Web Resource
• Website:
http://www.phschool.com/access/marieb_human
_anat.html
Student registration
Access code:
SSNAST-ABOHM-MAPLE-MEWED-TAINT-WIPES
Or email me an I’ll forward the link and access code so
you can cut and paste
Text website
• http://wps.aw.com/wps/media/access/Pear
son_Default/560/573796/login.html
Grading
Grading:
The following breakdown is approximate:
• Exams:
50%
• Quizzes:
10%
• Labs:
10%
• Lab Practicals:
20%
• Homework:
5%
• Case Studies:
5%
Standard Grading Scale
• 100% - 90% = A
• 89% -80% = B
• 79% - 70% = C
• 69% -60% = D
• 59%-0%=F
•
ASSIGNMENTS AND DUE DATES
• All homework and lab reports are due on the assigned date. Except for an
excused absence, LATE WORK WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED.
Guests Speakers
• Invite a guest speaker to class.
• 3rd week of school until Christmas break.
• Only one speaker each week -not enough
weeks for all students to schedule a speaker.
• “Speaker Credit” may replace one test score
with 100%. All tests must be taken-redeem your
credit at the end of the semester.
• To earn the credit, you must show a thank you
letter and a stamped/addressed envelope.
Learning
•
•
•
•
•
Read it
Hear it
See it
Do it
Teach it
Note taking
• Practice in class pgs 2-13 (Mostly review
from Biology)
• Groups assigned sections- take notes on
your sections using your own style
(15 min)
• Sections present so whole class has all
notes
Summarize Note-taking
1. What format(s) have worked well for you
for note-taking? (outlining, 2 column,
complete sentences, paraphrasing,
diagraming and labeling, recording and
listening to many times………..)
2. What new tecnique(s) did you see today
that might help improve your note-taking
Microscopic Anatomy
• Cytology – study of the cell
• Histology – study of tissues
Physiology
• Understanding physiology also requires a
knowledge of physics, which explains
electrical currents, blood pressure, and the
way muscle uses bone for movement
Principle of
Complementarity
• Function always reflects structure
• What a structure can do depends on its
specific form
Levels of Structural
Organization
• Chemical – atoms combined to form
molecules
• Cellular – cells are made of molecules
• Tissue – consists of similar types of cells
• Organ – made up of different types of
tissues
• Organ system – consists of different organs
that work closely together
• Organism – made up of the organ systems
Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
2 Cellular level
Cells are made up of molecules
Atoms
Smooth
muscle
tissue
3 Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of
cells
1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Heart
Cardiovascular
system
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
4 Organ level
Organs are made up of
different types of tissues
Blood
vessels
Blood
vessel
(organ)
6 Organism level
The human organism is
made up of many organ
systems
5 Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different organs
that work together closely
Figure 1.1
Organ Systems of the
Body
• Integumentary system
– Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair,
and nails
• Skeletal system
• Muscular system
• Nervous system
• Cardiovascular system
• Lymphatic system
• Respiratory system
• Digestive system
• Urinary system
• Reproductive system
– Male
– Female
Necessary Life Functions
• Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in
the body
• Excretion – removal of wastes from the body
• Reproduction – cellular and organismal levels
– Cellular – an original cell divides and produces two identical
daughter cells
– Organismal– sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person
• Growth – increase in size of a body part or of the
organism
Survival Needs
• Nutrients – chemical substances used for
energy and cell building
• Oxygen – needed for metabolic reactions
• Water – provides the necessary environment for
chemical reactions
• Maintaining normal body temperature –
necessary for chemical reactions to occur at lifesustaining rates
• Atmospheric pressure – required for proper
breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a
relatively stable internal environment in an
ever-changing outside world
• The internal environment of the body is in
a dynamic state of equilibrium
• Chemical, thermal, and neural factors
interact to maintain homeostasis
Homeostatic Control
Mechanisms
• The variable produces a change in the
body
• The three interdependent components of
control mechanisms are:
– Receptor – monitors the environments and
responds to changes (stimuli)
– Control center – determines the set point at
which the variable is maintained
– Effector – provides the means to respond to
the stimulus
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
3 Input:
Information
sent along
afferent
pathway to
Control
center
4 Output:
Information sent
along efferent
pathway to
Effector
Receptor (sensor)
2 Change
detected
by receptor
1
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Variable (in homeostasis)
5 Response of
effector feeds
back to influence
magnitude of
stimulus and
returns
variable to
homeostasis
Figure 1.4
Negative Feedback
• In negative feedback systems, the output
shuts off the original stimulus
• Example: Regulation of blood glucose
levels
Negative Feedback
Figure 1.5
Positive Feedback
• In positive
feedback
systems, the
output enhances
or exaggerates
the original
stimulus
• Example:
Regulation of
blood clotting
Figure 1.6
Homeostatic Imbalance
• Disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s
normal equilibrium
• Overwhelming of negative feedback
mechanisms allowing destructive positive
feedback mechanisms to take over
Anatomical position
•Supine- Face up
•Prone- Face down
Body Planes
Body Planes Links
• Website of body planes animated
• Visable Human- Male sections
• Visable Human- Female sections
Directional terms
anterior (ventral)
posterior (dorsal)
superior (cranial)
inferior (caudal)
medial
lateral
intermediate
proximal
distal
superficial
deep
parietal
visceral
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
front
back
upper
lower
midline
away from midline
between medial and lateral
point of origin
away from origin
external/surface
internal/beneath surface
associated with body wall
associated with organ
Regional terms- anterior view
Regional terms- posterior view
Cavities
• dorsal cavity--lined with fibrous periosteum (here, a portion of the
dura mater), contains central nervous system
a. cranial cavity--within skull, contains brain
b. spinal cavity--within vertebral canal, contains spinal cord
• ventral cavity--lined with serous membrane, contains respiratory,
cardiac, digestive, urinary, and reproductive viscera
a. thoracic cavity--within rib cage, floor is diaphragm
(1) right and left pleural cavities--contain lungs
(2) pericardial cavity--contains heart and is part of the
mediastinum
b. abdominopelvic cavity--occupies much of lower front
torso
(1) abdominal cavity--contains stomach, liver, spleen,
kidneys, most of the small and large intestine
(2) pelvic cavity--contains the urinary bladder and most of
the parts of the reproductive system
Body cavities
Other Cavities
Body Regions
right hypochondriac epigastric
left hypochondriac
right lumbar
umbilical
left lumbar
right illiac
hypogastric left illiac
• Useful prefixes:
Hypo- below
Epi – above
Gastri – belly
Chondro - cartilage
Abdominals Regions with organs
Abdominal Quadrants with organs
Abdominals Regions w/o organs
Membranes
• Serous (serosa) = Parietal (covers cavity)
and Visceral (covers organ)
• Fibrous = non-fluid filled, structural