Diabstraksikan oleh:
soemarno, psdl ppsub, desember 2012
INDEKS KELESTARIAN
LINGKUNGAN
=
Environmental
Sustainability Index
POLA KONSUMSI DAN LIMBAH
Bahan Kajian pada MK. PSDAL
LIMBAH
Pollution and waste should not be put into the environment
faster than the environment can degrade and recycle them, or
render them harmless.
In nature, waste material from an organism usually becomes a
meal or resource for another organism. For example, birds will
use dead branches or leaves to build their nests; microorganisms
and worms in the soil turn leaves and dead animals into humus,
which in turn becomes food for plants; and the organic matter in
water, such as animal waste or decaying leaves, provides food for
aquatic microorganisms.
Although these natural cycles have evolved over millions of years,
man is rapidly upsetting the balance by producing an everincreasing amount of waste.
Diunduh dari: http://greenpack.rec.org/waste/solutions_to_the_waste_problem/index.shtml ……………… 2/12/2012
KONSUMSI & LIMBAH
The enormous amount of energy and
resources that society consumes results
in so much garbage that the resulting air
pollution, water pollution and acid rain
have become serious threats to the global
environment. Humans have accumulated
more waste than they can properly
manage, and may soon be drowning it.
In modern society 80 percent of all waste
comes from agricultural, industrial or
mining activities. The remaining 20
percent comes from households. A large
part of what we throw away at home
(plastics, metals, paper, glass and
organic materials) can be recycled.
Concerns about the growing quantities of
waste have become even more serious
due to the fact that more and more
materials have short life cycles. This is
especially true of the packaging for
everyday products.
Waste from Consumption and Production - A threat to natural resources
(SUMBER: http://www.grida.no/publications/vg/waste/page/2858.aspx)
Diunduh dari: http://greenpack.rec.org/waste/consumption_and_waste/index.shtml ……………… 2/12/2012
SIKLUS HIDUP
1. Waste issues can be better
understood by examining the
life cycle of the materials that
compose it, from extraction to
final disposal.
2. Materials are transformed
into waste as a consequence of
various production and
consumption processes.
Residual by-products from
these transformation
processes that are discharged
directly into air and water are
called emissions. Residuals
that are further handled
before being discharged are
referred to as waste.
3. Once generated, waste may be
reused, recycled, transferred
for treatment (to reduce its
toxicity), incinerated (to
reduce its volume) or buried
in landfills.
Product Life Cycle
Sumber:
http://sustainability.utoronto.ca/projects/Procurement/buygreen.htm
Diunduh dari: http://greenpack.rec.org/waste/solutions_to_the_waste_problem/index.shtml ……………… 2/12/2012
SOLUTIONS TO THE WASTE PROBLEM
Ada empat prinsip umum untuk pengelolaan limbah yang
lebih baik dan beberapa cara untuk mengatasi masalah
sampah:
1. decrease the consumption of energy and raw materials;
2. recycle waste materials;
3. reuse products as many times as possible;
4. burn waste in order to extract and utilise all potential
energy and to diminish their size (incineration);
5. bury waste in landfills (pits and ditches); and
6. compost organic matter.
However, most waste treatment techniques also have some
environmental impacts .
Diunduh dari: http://greenpack.rec.org/waste/solutions_to_the_waste_problem/index.shtml ……………… 2/12/2012
PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH
Pengelolaan sampah adalah pengumpulan, pengangkutan,
pemrosesan atau pembuangan, pengelolaan dan monitoring
bahan limbah.
Istilah ini biasanya berhubungan dengan bahan yang
dihasilkan oleh aktivitas manusia, dan proses ini umumnya
dilakukan untuk mengurangi efeknya TERHADAP kesehatan,
lingkungan atau estetika.
Waste management is a distinct practice from resource
recovery which focuses on delaying the rate of consumption
of natural resources. All wastes materials, whether they are
solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive fall within the remit of
waste management
Diunduh dari:
……………… 2/12/2012
WASTE MANAGEMENT CONTINUUM
The Waste
Management
Continuum has two
axes. One is the
horizontal
stakeholder scale,
ranging from
municipalities and
local governments to
the community.
The other is the
vertical technology
scale ranging from
high tech/high energy
disposal systems to
low tech low energy
systems.
Diunduh dari: http://www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/continuum/continuum.html ……………… 2/12/2012
PEMBUANGAN LIMBAH
Historically, efforts in
the management of
waste have focused
primarily on the disposal
part of the waste. Whilst
there is now a general
move towards the
recovery of resources
from waste, disposal is
still the most common
form of managing waste.
Dumping, landfilling of
waste and incineration
are some of the most
common methods of
waste disposal.
Process of Waste Management
(sumber: http://www.mutiaragroups.com/wastemgt.html
Diunduh dari:
www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/continuum/continuum.html ……………… 4/12/2012
WASTE RECYCLING
Recycling is the breaking down
of materials from waste
streams into raw materials,
which are then reprocessed
either into the same material
(closed loop) or a new product
(open loop), generally including
waste separation and material
reprocessing.
There are various materials
that are capable of being
recycled, and technology is
advancing to allow the recycling
of more materials.
The benefits of recycling do not
lie solely in diversion of waste
away from disposal but, even
more importantly, in the
reduction of the amount of
virgin resources that need to be
harvested and processed for the
manufacture of new products.
Diunduh dari:
Trash to Cash – Waste Management and Microfinance
Sumber: http://jillychenegr495.wordpress.com/
www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/continuum/continuum.html ……………… 4/12/2012
WASTE PROCESSING
Waste processing is the range of activities characterized by the treatment and
recovery (use) of materials or energy from waste through thermal, chemical, or
biological means. It also covers hazardous waste handling. Generally, there are two
main groups of processes to be considered, (1) Biological processes, such as open
composting, enclosed composting, anaerobic digestion, and vermiculture, and (2)
Thermal processes, such as incineration, and gasification.
Examples of reuse in initiatives include: (1) Product reuse - rethreading tires, recovery
of demolition materials, reuse of plastic bags, second hand clothing, reconditioning
and repair of furniture and appliances; (2) Materials reuse . Liquid-paper board for
seedlings planters, bottles, scrap paper for notes/phone messages, mulching; (3)
Durable packaging - e.g. milk crates, bread trays, string or calico shopping bags.
Some of the positive effects associated with processed waste include, more effective
use of resources, employment opportunities in the service and repair industries,
support for charity based stores, better protection of products as durable packaging is
more robust, and changes in attitudes towards disposable products.
Diunduh dari:
www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/continuum/continuum.html ……………… 4/12/2012
WASTE MINIMIZATION
Waste minimization is aimed at reducing the production of waste through education and improved
production process rather than aiming to increase technology to improve treatment of waste. The
idea of minimization is not centered on technological advances, it can be viewed a method of
managing existing resources and technology in order to maximise the efficiency of available resource
use. Minimizing waste generation has the potential to reduce costs or increase profits by maximizing
the use of resources and by reducing the amount of waste to be disposed of the cost of waste
management is also decreased.
Waste avoidance for individuals: Buying goods in bulk; reconsidering superfluous purchases;
purchasing products in materials/packaging that is readily recycled; use of alternatives, e.g.
landscaping that creates mulched gardens in place of lawns; and use of composting and vermiculture
practices.
Waste minimization in industry: Change in product design to reduce materials consumption; using
crates instead of pallets to avoid the need for shrink wrap; incorporate Eco-Design technology into
production processes; adoption of Cleaner Production practices that ensure avoidance through
efficiency measures; and conduct regular audits and monitoring of waste reduction/resource recovery
practices.
Waste minimization for Local Government: Encourage community 'avoidance' activities, e.g. promote
competitions rewarding initiative in this area of resource recovery; lead by example, e.g. display
mulched gardens throughout the municipality; and provide facilities and infrastructure to assist
industry, business and the community to undertake resource recovery practices, e.g. kerbside
recycling and resource exchange registers, initiate greener procurement programmes.
Diunduh dari:
www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/continuum/continuum.html ……………… 4/12/2012
WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
The waste hierarchy refers to
the 3Rs of Reduce, Reuse and
Recycle, which classify waste
management strategies
according to their desirability,
and are meant to be a
hierarchy in order of
importance.
Upcycling is the process of
converting waste materials or
useless products into new
materials or products of better
quality or a higher
environmental value. The goal
of upcycling is to prevent
wasting potentially useful
materials by making use of
existing ones.
Diunduh dari: http://www.forgreenies.com/tag/reuse ……………… 4/12/2012
WASTE HIERARCHY
The waste hierarchy is a guide when determining the Best Practicable Environmental
Option and represents a chain of priority for waste management, extending from the ideal
of prevention and reduction to the last resort of disposal.
The waste hierachy
shows that waste
prevention, or
minimisation, are
the preferred options
as they minimise
waste generation and
ultimately waste
disposal.
Recycling and
composting are lower
in the waste
management
hierarchy, as these
options both require
additional energy
and resources to
reduce waste levels.
Diunduh dari: http://www.liv.ac.uk/sustainability/Waste%20Management/main%20page.htm ……………… 4/12/2012
WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
What do we mean by wastewater?
Wastewater
management
encompasses a
broad range of
efforts that
promote effective
and responsible
water use,
treatment, and
disposal and
encourage the
protection and
restoration of our
nation's
watersheds.
Wastewater can mean different things to different people with a
large number of definitions in use.
In the broad perspective, wastewater is “a combination of one or
more of:
1. Domestic effluent consisting of black-water (excreta, urine
and faecal sludge) and greywater (kitchen and bathing
wastewater);
2. Water from commercial establishments and institutions,
including hospitals;
3. Industrial effluent, stormwater and other urban run-off;
4. Agricultural, horticultural and aquaculture effluent, either
dissolved or as suspended matter
Diunduh dari:
http://water.epa.gov/polwa
ste/wastewater/index.cfm
……………… 4/12/2012
Diunduh dari:
https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:JdmRVHT3ZJkJ:www.unep.org/pdf/
(adapted from Raschid-Sally and Jayakody, 2008).
INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM.
Sustainable solid
waste management:
An integrated
approach for Asian
countries.
Ashok V. Shekdar.
Waste Management.
Volume 29, Issue 4,
April 2009, Pages
1438–1448.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X08003024……………… 4/12/2012
SYSTEM FOR SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT.
Sustainable solid
waste management:
An integrated
approach for Asian
countries.
Ashok V. Shekdar.
Waste Management.
Volume 29, Issue 4,
April 2009, Pages
1438–1448.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X08003024……………… 4/12/2012
RECYCLING OF WASTE PAPERS, PLASTICS AND GLASS..
Sustainable
solid waste
management:
An integrated
approach for
Asian
countries.
Ashok V.
Shekdar.
Waste
Management.
Volume 29,
Issue 4, April
2009, Pages
1438–1448.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X08003024……………… 4/12/2012
TYPICAL SYSTEM FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Sustainable
solid waste
management:
An integrated
approach for
Asian
countries.
Ashok V.
Shekdar.
Waste
Management.
Volume 29, Issue
4, April 2009,
Pages 1438–
1448.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X08003024……………… 4/12/2012
ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT
AND WASTE TO ENERGY SOLUTIONS.
Waste-to-energy, or WTE,
refers to any waste
treatment technology that
creates energy from
assorted waste sources. By
utilizing the energy stored
from these sources, we are
creating value from
something that would
otherwise be discarded or
landfilled.
Waste-to-energy is a
renewable energy because
its fuel source, garbage, is
sustainable and is not
depleted.
It is a clean, reliable,
renewable source of energy
Diunduh dari: http://genesisalliancecorp.com/emergingtech_W2E.html……………… 8/12/2012
Waste Management Turns Trash to Cash
Sampah adalah salah sesuatu yang harus diminimalkan atau
bahkan dihilangkan.
Tantangannya adalah aktivitas manusia menghasilkan
sejumlah sampah setiap hari.
Langkah-langkah paad tingkat konsumen harus dilakukan
untuk mengurangi limbah, konsumen adalah penghasil
sampah.
Pada akhir pengumpulan, pengelola limbah harus
menemukan cara untuk mendaur ulang atau menggunakan
kembali bahan-bahan yang telah terkumpul.
Diunduh dari: …. http://www.triplepundit.com/2011/04/value-management-waste-managememt/
Waste Management Turns Trash to Cash
Pengelolaan Sampah juga melakukan investasi untuk berfokus
pada aspek konversi material.
Konversi adalah proses mengubah sampah menjadi bahan yang
dapat digunakan atau menjadi energi.
Hal ini mirip dengan plastik untuk investasi minyak.
Selain itu, salah satu akuisisi terbaru adalah Harvest Power atau
“Panen Energi”.
Hal ini berarti "mengelola sampah organik menggunakan
teknologi canggih untuk menghasilkan energi terbarukan dan
tanah subur yang bernilai tinggi dan produk-produk pupuk
organik.“
Diunduh dari: ….
Turn Trash To Cash With Dividend Paying Waste Management
Companies
Sampah yang dihasilkan oleh seseorang adalah harta bagi orang
lain.
Sampah dalam banyak hal berarti “kuasi-komoditas” yang
terbuat dari beberapa komoditas lainnya.
Hari-hari ini, di seluruh dunia, sudah menjadi hal yang lumrah
bagi orang untuk mengais-ngais sampah komputer bekas dan
komponen elektronik lainnya untuk mendapatkan sejumlah
harga dari sekeping logam, atau kepingan logam lainnya yang
lebih besar dari sampah itu.
Diunduh dari: …. http://seekingalpha.com/article/702301-turn-trash-to-cash-with-dividend-paying-waste-management-
Turn Trash To Cash With Dividend Paying Waste Management
Companies
Misalnya, aluminium merupakan komoditas yang melimpah pada
produk konsumsidan ditemukan pada pembuangan sampah.
Aluminium juga merupakan sumberdaya yang dapat di daur
ulang. Perlahan-lahan, bahan-bahan lain dari sampah akan
menjadi lebih berharga.
Sekitar lima hingga sepuluh persen dari produksi minyak global
disuling dan berubah menjadi plastik, yang sekarang digunakan
dalam banyak produk.
Hal ini telah menghasilkan konten plastik yang tinggi dan berasal
dari sampah.
Seiring dengan waktu, dan terutama jika kenaikan harga minyak
terus melambung, sampah dapat menjadi sumber plastik daur
ulang dan bahan mentah lainnya.
Diunduh dari: …. http://seekingalpha.com/article/702301-turn-trash-to-cash-with-dividend-paying-waste-management-
Turn Trash To Cash With Dividend Paying Waste Management
Companies
Kalau harga minyak minigngkat, aluminium dan bahan-bahan lain yang
berasal dari sampah juga meningkat, maka tingkat pemilahan sampah juga
akan meningkat.
Selain meningkatnya permintaan komoditas secara global dan potensi
kenaikan harga sumberdaya alam, inisiatif hijau juga cenderung mendukung
daur ulang sampah lebih lanjut dan inisiatif minimisasi sampah.
Kota dan masyarakat cenderung untuk memperkenalkan perilaku lebih
ekologis dalam pengelolaan limbah seiring dengan waktu.
Masyarakat juga akan cenderung lebih memilah-milah sampah di tempat
tinggalnya dan di lokasi komersial , sehingga lebih mudah memfasilitasi
usaha pengelolaan sampah.
Diunduh dari: …. http://seekingalpha.com/article/702301-turn-trash-to-cash-with-dividend-paying-waste-management-
Waste to Watts: How Today's Garbage Can Be Tomorrow's
Electricity
Membakar sampah adalah sesuatu hal yang biasa dilakukan untuk
menghilangkan sampah.
Insinerator tua yang dibangun beberapa dekade yang lalu adalah mimpi buruk
bagi lingkungan . Mereka melepaskan ke lingkungan sejumlah besar emisi
toksik dalam bentuk dioksin , furan , dan logam beracun seperti merkuri .
Tetapi insinerator modern dewasa ini dilandasi oleh hukum lingkungan untuk
mengekang pelepasan polutan toksik ke udara.
Teknologi insinerator sudah jauh lebih baik . Teknologi baru membakar
sampah sampai dengan 2.000 derajat Fahrenheit . Pada suhu itu, ikatan
molekul dalam bahan kimia toksik akan rusak. Hal ini secara signifikan
mengurangi emisi gas limbah pembakaran . Gas buang kemudian dapat
digunakan untuk menghasilkan uap untuk menghasilkan listrik . Gas buang ini
kemudian diproses lebih lanjut untuk menghilangkan sebagian besar
kontaminan toksiknya. Akibatnya , insinerator saat ini telah mengurangi emisi
gas toksik sekitar 99,9 % dibandingkan teknologi insinerator beberapa dekade
yang lalu .
Diunduh dari: …. http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Renewable-Energy/Waste-to-Watts-How-Todays-Garbage-Can-Be-
Waste to Watts: How Today's Garbage Can Be Tomorrow's
Electricity
Diunduh dari: …. http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Renewable-Energy/Waste-to-Watts-How-Todays-Garbage-Can-Be-
Waste to Watts: How Today's Garbage Can Be Tomorrow's
Electricity
Landfill Gases Used to Produce Electricity
Insinerasi bukan satu-satunya cara untuk mengubah sampah
menjadi energi. Landfill menciptakan sejumlah besar gas rumah
kaca. Kalau bahan organik di tempat pembuangan sampah
mengalami dekomposisi mereka melepaskan gas metana, gas
rumah kaca yang lebih berbahaya dari karbon dioksida ketika
dilepaskan ke atmosfer.
Sistem penangkapan gas Metana dapat mengubah masalah ini
menjadi peluang energi dengan menangkap metana sebelum
lepas ke dalam lingkungan dan membakarnya untuk bahan bakar
pembangkit listrik.
Diunduh dari: …. http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Renewable-Energy/Waste-to-Watts-How-Todays-Garbage-Can-Be-
SAMPAH DAPUR
Bahan yang dapat menjadi kompos:
1. Sisa makanan
2. Daging, ikan, jeroan dan tulang
3. Buah dan sayuran
4. Produk susu, mentega, mayones
kulit telur
5. Roti, sereal, biji-bijian
6. Pasta, pizza dipanggang, permen
7. Handuk kertas kotor dan jaringan
8. Kemasan makanan kertas kotor
9. Cangkir kertas bekas dan piring
10. Bubuk kopi, filter, kantong teh
11. Cream karton es, susu & cream
karton
12. Bahan-bahan kue, bumbu, rempahrempah
13. Tanaman hias, bunga potong dan
dikeringkan
14. Kacang-kacangan dan kerang
15. ……..
Diunduh dari: …. http://www.rdnfoodwaste.ca/benefits.asp
What is Resource Efficiency and Cleaner Production ?
Resource Efficiency and
Cleaner Production
RECP notion/definition
recognizes that CP methods
and practices generate
multiple benefits that are
relevant to many of today’s
most pressing global
challenges, including:
1. Mitigation of GHG
emissions and adapting
to climate change;
2. Responding to
increasing scarcity of
water, fuels and other
materials;
3. Providing decent jobs;
4. Halting environmental
degradation.
Diunduh dari: …. http://www.ncpp.md/en/recp.html
Resource Efficiency and Cleaner Production
RECP, therefore, builds upon CP in accelerating the application of
preventive environmental strategies to processes, products and services
to increase efficiency and reduce risks to humans and the environment.
RECP mengemukakan tiga dimensi keberlanjutan secara individual dan
sinergistik:
1. ECONOMIC: Production Efficiency: optimization of the productive
use of natural resources (materials, energy and water);
2. ENVIRONMENT: Environmental management: minimization of
impacts on environment and nature through reduction of wastes
and emissions;
3. SOCIAL: Human Development: minimization of risks to people and
communities and support for their development.
Diunduh dari: …http://www.ncpp.md/en/recp.html
UNIDO and UNEP formulated a revised Resource Efficient and Cleaner
Production (RECP) programme strategy for cooperation with NCPCs and
NCPPs globally.
The resulting Joint UNIDO-UNEP Programme on Resource Efficient and
Cleaner Production (RECP) (see www.unido.org/cp) was approved for
worldwide implementation in February 2009. RECP
Programme focuses on multiple resource productivity and environmental
benefits; creating human, technical and institutional capacities, with local
ownership; and fostering the realization of enabling policies and strategies.
Nevertheless, Cleaner Production(CP) definition developed in 1991 by
UNEP is still commonly used:
“CP is the continuous application of an integrated preventative
environmental strategy to processes, products and services to increase
efficiency and reduce risks to humans and the environment”. Several
complementary CP techniques or practices are possible, ranging from low or
even no cost solutions to high investment, advanced clean technologies.
Diunduh dari: …. http://www.ncpp.md/en/recp.html
Ciri khas implementasi CP di negara berkembang adalah:
1. Good Housekeeping: appropriate provisions to prevent leaks and spills and to
achieve proper, standardized operation and maintenance procedures and practices;
2. Input Material Change: replacement of hazardous or non-renewable inputs by less
hazardous or renewable materials or by materials with a longer service life-time;
3. Better Process Control: modification of the working procedures, machine
instructions and process record keeping for operating the processes at higher
efficiency and lower rates of waste and emission generation;
4. Equipment Modification: modification of the production equipment so as to run the
processes at higher efficiency and lower rates of waste and emission generation;
5. Technology Change: replacement of the technology, processing sequence and/or
synthesis pathway in order to minimize the rates of waste and emission generation
during production;
6. On-Site Recovery/Reuse: reuse of the wasted materials in the same process or for
another useful application within the enterprise;
7. Production of Useful By-Products: transformation of previously discarded wastes
into materials that can be reused or recycled for another application outside the
company;
8. Product Modification: modification of product characteristics in order to minimize
the environmental impacts of the product during or after its use (disposal) or to
minimize the environmental impacts of its production.
Diunduh dari: … http://www.ncpp.md/en/recp.html.
PRODUKSI BERSIH
Diunduh dari: … http://www.ncpp.md/en/recp.html.
Waste Reduction and Raw material conservation
Pengelolaan sampah memiliki berbagai fungsi, yaitu: pengumpulan,
transportasi, pengolahan (pengolahan limbah), daur ulang atau pembuangan
bahan limbah, biasanya dihasilkan oleh aktivitas manusia, dalam upaya untuk
mengurangi efeknya pada kesehatan manusia atau estetika lokal atau
kenyamanan & keindahan.
Sub-fokus pengelolaan sampah, dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, telah
mengurangi efek limbah 'terhadap alam dan lingkungan dengan melestarikan
bahan baku yang digunakan dan untuk memulihkan sumber daya dari limbah,
yaitu, daur ulang limbah.
Pengelolaan sampah bisa melibatkan padat, zat cair atau gas dengan metode
yang berbeda dan bidang keahlian masing-masing.
Diunduh dari: …. http://saferenvironment.wordpress.com/2009/01/01/
Waste Reduction and Raw material conservation
Sampah juga berarti tidak efisiennya penggunaan utilitas seperti
listrik, air, dan bahan bakar, yang sering dianggap overhead
yang tidak dapat dihindari. Biaya limbah ini umumnya
diremehkan oleh para manajer.
Biaya sampah dan limbah tidak hanya biaya pembuangannya,
tetapi juga biaya lain seperti:
1. Biaya Pembuangan sampah
2. Tidak efisiennya biaya penggunaan energi
3. Biaya Pembelian bahan baku yang terbuang
4. Biaya produksi untuk bahan limbah
5. Waktu Manajemen dihabiskan untuk bahan limbah
6. Pendapatan Hilang karena menjadi limbah
7. Kewajiban Potensial karena limbah.
Diunduh dari: …. http://saferenvironment.wordpress.com/2009/01/01/
.
Waste Reduction and Raw material conservation
Minimisasi limbah dapat
didefinisikan sebagai “cara
sistematis mengurangi
limbah pada sumbernya".
Artinya:
1. Prevention and/or
reduction of waste
generated
2. Efficient use of raw
materials and packaging
3. Efficient use of fuel,
electricity and water
4. Improving the quality of
waste generated to
facilitate recycling
and/or reduce hazard
5. Encouraging re-use,
recycling and recovery.
Diunduh dari: …. http://saferenvironment.wordpress.com/2009/01/01/
Waste Reduction and Raw material conservation
Source Reduction Techniques:
Empat macam teknik minimisasi limbah:
1. Good Housekeeping- Systems to prevent leakages & spillages through preventive
maintenance schedules and routine equipment inspections. Also, well-written working
instructions, supervision, awareness and regular training of workforce would facilitate
good housekeeping.
2. Process Change - Under this head, four techniques are covered:
(i) Input Material Change - Substitution of input materials by eco-friendly (non-toxic
or less toxic than existing and renewable) material preferably having longer service time.
(ii) Better Process Control - Modifications of the working procedures, machineoperating instructions and process record keeping in order to run the processes at higher
efficiency and with lower waste generation and emissions.
3. Equipment Modification - Modification of existing production equipment and
utilities, for instance, by the addition of measuring and controlling devices, in order to
run the processes at higher efficiency and lower waste and emission generation rates.
4. Technology Change - Replacement of the technology, processing sequence and/or
synthesis route, in order to minimise waste and emission generation during production.
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Waste Reduction and Raw material conservation
Recycling – Daur Ulang
1. On-site Recovery and Reuse - Reuse of wasted materials in the
same process or for another useful application within the
industry.
2. Production of Useful by-product - Modification of the waste
generation process in order to transform the wasted material
into a material that can be reused or recycled for another
application within or outside the company.
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Waste Reduction and Raw material conservation
Product Modification –
Characteristics of the product can be modified to minimise
the environmental impacts of its production or those of the
product itself during or after its use (disposal).
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Waste Reduction and Raw material conservation
Pengurangan pada sumber limbah adalah tujuan tertinggi dalam
hirarki pengelolaan limbah padat - Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.
Daur ulang tidak mengatasi masalah keborosan penggunaan
produk.
Ketika daur ulang digabungkan dengan pengurangan sumber,
pembelian yang boros dan penggunaan produk dapat
diminimalkan. Bila mungkin, mengurangi atau menggunakan
kembali lebih dahulu, kemudian mendaur ulang.
Praktek pengurangan sumber bermanfaat bagi lingkungan
melalui pengurangan konsumsi energi dan polusi, konservasi
sumberdaya alam, dan perluasan ruang landfill yang berharga.
Hal ini dapat memiliki manfaat ekonomi dengan mengurangi
biaya yang terkait dengan transportasi, pembuangan atau daur
ulang limbah. Pengurangan sumber dapat menghemat uang
setiap hari. Setiap orang dapat berpartisipasi dalam pengurangan
sumber.
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Waste Reduction and Raw material conservation
Pengurangan limbah dalam proses produksi dan pengurangan
penggunaan bahan baku berpengaruh signifikan terhadap
profitabilitas dan menghasilkan lingkungan yang bersih.
Limbah yang timbul dari proses produksi berpengaruh signifikan
terhadap profitabilitas.
Tantangannya adalah bagaimana mengurangi limbah tanpa
memgorbankan efektivitas proses.
Pengurangan limbah juga dapat mengurangi masalah
pembuangan dan daur ulang limbah, dengan demikian
meningkatkan baku mutu lingkungan.
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Waste Reduction and Raw material conservation
Hal-hal umum yang mungkin dilakukan untuk meningkatkan
efisiensi proses produksi dan mengurangi limbah :
1. Menggunakan kembali air bilasan dalam sistem pendingin;
2. Secara teratur memeriksa bahwa peralatan dikalibrasi dengan
benar;
3. Mengurangi penghentian yang tidak perlu di lini produksi;
4. Meng-upgrade atau mengganti peralatan yang lama;
5. Meminimalkan tumpahan atau kebocoran;
6. Menggunakan sistem tertutup untuk memungkinkan semua
sampah dikumpulkan di satu tempat, tanpa kebocoran,
sehingga sebanyak mungkin limbah dapat digunakan kembali,
didaur ulang atau dibuang dengan benar.
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