1) Green substance, or chemical, that captures solar energy.
chlorophyll
2) Plants without different types of tissue for carrying water and nutrients.
nonvascular
3) Stage during which plants produce spores.
sporophyte
4) Chemical reaction that produces sugar from CO2, H20, and light energy.
photosynthesis
5) Cells with a nucleus and other organelles.
eukaryotic
6) Earlier, unicellular ancestor of plants.
green algae
7) Capable of producing its own food (through photosynthesis).
autotrophic
8) Non-flowering plants that hold their seeds in a cone, rather than in a fruit.
gymnosperm
9) Organelle that stores water within a cell.
vacuole
10) Outer cell layer that allows certain things in or out.
cell membrane
11) Rigid structure that surrounds a plant cell.
cell wall
12) Organelle that contains chlorophyll.
chloroplast
13) Stage during which a plant produces its sex cells, called gametes.
gametophyte
14) An organism consisting of more than one cell.
multicellular
15) Plants with specialized tissue which transports substances, similar
to the way our veins transport blood.
vascular
16) Flowering plants that become pollinated before producing seeds and fruit.
angiosperm
17) Waxy outer coating of a leaf, which helps it retain its moisture.
cuticle
18) Mini-organ that carries out a specific function within a cell.
organelle
19) Ability of a membrane to allow certain substances in and out.
semi-permeable
20) A woody carbohydrate (sugar) which makes the cell wall.
cellulose
 Eukaryotic  cells have nucleus and other organelles
 Multicellular  made of multiple cells
 Autotrophic  make their own food using chlorophyll
(through photosynthesis)
 Terrestrial  almost all live on land
 Cell wall  made of a carbohydrate called
cellulose (a type of sugar)
 Energy storage stored as sugars (short term)
and starch (longer term)
Remember, a
lot of these
organelles are
hard to see
under a light
microscope
because they
are clear.
Leaf cells under a regular
light microscope (400x)
A single plant cell under the high
magnification of an electron microscope
What is this?
What is
this?
cell membrane
cell wall
cytoplasm
vacuole
nucleus
DNA
chloroplasts
Each group define one term:
A. organelles Mini “organs” within the cell
B. cell wall Rigid outer structure of the cell; made of cellulose
C. cell membrane Flexible layer within the cell wall; allows
materials in and out (semi-permeable)
D. cytoplasm Liquid gel within the membrane
E. vacuole Water storage
F. nucleus Holds the DNA
G. chloroplasts Green organelles that perform photosynthesis
Draw what
you see!
Different types of Green Algae
• Single-celled or colonial
• Actually considered protists, not plants
• Evolved around 425 million years ago
Modern Gymnosperm
Primitive Plant (kelp)
• Photosynthesis (with chlorophyll)
• Cell wall made of cellulose
• Both store energy as sugar and starch
• Cell wall
• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular • Waxy cuticle
• Autotrophic
Plants
Vascular
Seeds
Angiosperm
Nonvascular
Seedless
Gymnosperm Ferns
Reproduce with spores
• Sexual reproduction
• Flowering
• Sexual reproduction
• Seeds in fruit
• Coniferous
• Seeds in cone
Present
Algae
Moss, liverwort,
hornwort, etc.
• Reproduce with spores
• Obtains food and water
through diffusion only
Past
10 min.
1) What is the overall purpose of photosynthesis?
2) How do nonvascular plants transport water?
3) What is one way plants keep from drying out?
Mosses
What do all
these plants
have in
common?
Liverwort
Hornwort
Transportation of nutrients and
water via cell-by-cell contact
Equilibrium
So moss just absorbs water through diffusion. But how
do other plants get water out to the tips of the branches?
Water molecules enter
through the roots and travel
out through veins of the leaf
Then, water diffuses
from cell to cell until
every cell has the water
it needs to carry out…
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Can you see
the vascular
tissue?
Ferns
Fiddleheads
sori
(hold the spores)
Seedless vascular
Nonvascular
 Mosses, liverworts, and





hornworts
First plants to adapt to
life on land (very simple)
No vascular tissue
Sperm has flagella and
swim to fertilize egg
Absorb nutrients and
water through a rhizoid
(tiny root hairs)
Sexual reproduction
(with spores)
 Ferns and horsetails
 First plants to have vascular





tissue (Xylem and Phloem)
Vascular tissue
Sperm with flagella
Rhizome (thick underground
stem, or root)
Sexual reproduction (with
spores)
Formed vast forests 300 MYA.
Those remains are now coal
Rhizoids  “root-like”
Rhizome  Thick, underground
stem, which roots grow from.
Rhizomes store energy for the
next growing season.
Fern
rhizome
ginger root
Plants with rhizomes are hard to get
rid of because even when the stems
and roots die off, it can still shoot out
more roots the next year.
Rhizoid
Rhizome
• Horizontal
underground
• Tiny “root-like” Absorb stem
water and
hairs
nutrients; • Found in ferns
and other
• Found in
Undervascular plants
nonvascular
ground
plants (moss)
• Stores energy
for the
winter
Sporophyte  Produces spores
which grow into a
male or female
gametophyte.
contains spores
Gametophyte  Produces gametes (sperm and egg)
Draw what you see in the space provided in Part IV:
sporophytes
gametophytes
Describe what each part does.
Ferns
fiddleheads or
leaves with
spores
Moss with
sporophytes
Spores inside the
capsule of the
sporophyte
Sori on underside of fern frond
Operculum  lid of
the spore capsule
Peristomal teeth 
hold the lid in place
Thousands of spores
inside each sporangium
Spores inside the
capsule of the
sporophyte
Peristomal teeth 
hold the lid in place
Operculum  lid of
the spore capsule